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cell transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are cell membranes important?

A

Barrier between the cell and the environment

Controls what substances enter and leave the cell

They are partially permeable

Selectively allows substances to enter and leave via
diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

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2
Q

what is the structure of phospholipids

A

Arranged in a bilayer
Hydrophobic fatty acid tail
Hydrophilic phosphate head

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3
Q

what is the function of phospholipids

A

Hydrophobic centre; water soluble substances (ions) cannot pass through but lipid soluble can (oxygen, water).

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4
Q

what is the structure of cholesterol

A

Lipid molecule
Hydrophobic – attracts to phospholipid tails

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5
Q

what is the function of cholesterol

A

Compacts phospholipid together, restricting their movement making the cell more rigid.
Prevent leakage of water and ions.

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6
Q

what is the structure of channel proteins

A

Integral/transmembrane proteins
Water filled tubes

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7
Q

what is the function of channel proteins

A

Allow water soluble ions and molecules to diffuse across the membrane (facilitated diffusion)

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8
Q

what is the structure of Carrier proteins

A

Integral/transmembrane proteins

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9
Q

what is the function of Carrier proteins

A

Actively transports specific substances across the membrane
Allows for facilitated diffusion of specific substances

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10
Q

what is the structure of Glycolipids

A

Carbohydrates linked to lipids

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11
Q

what is the function of Glycolipids

A

act as recognition sites for specific chemicals.
Assist with stability of the membrane

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12
Q

what is the structure of Glycoproteins

A

Carbohydrates linked to (extrinsic) membrane proteins

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13
Q

what is the function of glycoproteins

A

Act as recognition sites for specific chemicals.
Cell-cell recognition

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14
Q

explain simple diffusion

A

Net movement of particles
From and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down a concentration gradient)
Passive process (does not require energy)

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15
Q

explain facilitated diffusion

A

Net movement of large or charged particles
Use carrier or channel proteins
From and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down a concentration gradient)
Passive process (does not require energy)

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16
Q

how do carrier proteins help facilitated diffusion

A

Molecule attaches to the carrier protein
Protein changes shape
Creates pathway release molecule into opposite side of membrane

17
Q

how do channel proteins help facilitated diffusion

A

Form pores in the membrane
Often used for charged particles
Water filled (hydrophilic)
Selective – only open in presence of specific ion

18
Q

what are factors affecting the rate of diffusion

A

Concentration gradient
Thickness of exchange surface
Surface area
(Temperature)

In addition for facilitated diffusion:
Number of carrier/channel proteins

19
Q

What is osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential through a partially permeable membrane

20
Q

What does water move through the cell membrane in, in osmosis

A

Aquaporins

21
Q

Higher water potential

A

Has the most water

22
Q

Solvent is

A

What something dissolves in

23
Q

Solute is

A

The thing that dissolves

24
Q

Solution is

A

Dissolved substance with a solvent

25
Q

What are the types of solutions

A

Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic

26
Q

What is an isotonic solution

A

Water potential is the same inside and outside the cell

27
Q

What is a Hypotonic solution

A

Water potential inside the cell is lower than outside

28
Q

What is a hypertonic solution

A

Water potential inside the cell is higher than outside

29
Q

What are the factors affecting the rate of osmosis

A

Water potential gradient
Thickness of exchange surfaces
Surface area
Number of aquaporins

30
Q

what is active transport

A

Movement of molecules and ions, against a concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration requiring energy from ATP and carrier proteins and co-transporters.

31
Q

what are cotransporters

A

carrier proteins which bind to 2 molecules, one is used to transport the other against the gradient or both can be transported into or out of a cell

32
Q

explain the process of active transport for a single molecule or ion

A

Molecule or ion binds to a specific receptor site on the transmembrane carrier protein. On the inside of the cell/organelle, ATP binds to the carrier protein. Carrier protein therefore changes shape and opens the opposite side. The molecule or ion is released to the other side of the membrane. The phosphate molecule (Pi) is then released from the carrier protein allowing the protein to return to its original shape, ready for process to repeat.
During respiration, ATP is restored:

33
Q

what are factors affecting the rate of active transport

A

Speed of carrier proteins
Number of carrier proteins
Rate of respiration – impacts release of ATP

34
Q

what is the role of the ileum

A

to absorb molecules produced by digestion

35
Q

what are the 3 types of glucose absorption in the ileum

A

facilitated diffusion, active transport, co transport

36
Q

explain facilitated diffusion in the absorption of glucose

A

Epithelial cells line the ileum After digestion there is a high
concentration of glucose in the lumen of ileum, Glucose molecules are absorbed by moving down the concentration gradient
by facilitated diffusion into the epithelial cells that line the ileum, through carrier proteins. Glucose then moves into the blood
stream, to be carried away

37
Q

explain active transport in the absorption of glucose

A

Biology (5 decks)

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