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Applied science level 3 btec > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a vacuole made up of?

A

Filed with sap

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2
Q

What is a golgi body and its function?

A

Protein processing,modifying and repackaging.

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3
Q

What does a tonoplast do?

A

It is also called the vacuole membrane and it allows particles to pass through as the membrane selective.

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4
Q

What does an amyloplast do?

A

It stores and synthersises starch through the plant through the polymerisation of glucose.

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5
Q

What does a plasmodesta do?

A

It acts as intercelluar cytoplastmic bridges to facilate communications and transport within cells

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6
Q

What does a mitochondrian do?

A

It is very prominent.
Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy.

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7
Q

What does the centrioles do?

A

Help produce spindle fibres to pull back the chromosomes for cytokenises.

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8
Q

What does Endoplastmic Reticulum do and what is the difference between the smooth and rough ER?

A

The Endoplastmic Reticulum is the interconnected highway between cells and moves material within cells.
Smooth ER contains no ribosomes and so processes and produces fat,steroids and lipids. The rough ER contain ribosomes and so processes proteins made from the ribosomes.

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9
Q

What does the vesicles do?

A

The vesicles store and transport material within the cell. Some of these material are transported to other organisms. They sometimes also carry molecules such as a hormone or a neurotransmitter.

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10
Q

What bond is called when two amino acids form and what is needed to make it form?

A

Peptide bond and it needs water to make it form and this reaction is called condensation reaction.

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11
Q

what is a protein made of?

A

Carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen and oxygen

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12
Q

What defines the amino acid we have?

A

The R group but all amino acids have the same elements but different R group.

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13
Q

What determines an amino acids function?

A

The shape and structre

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14
Q

What is it called when breaking a peptide bond back into an amino acid?

A

Hydrolosis and it involves taking the water back out.

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15
Q

What is a polymer of amino acids called?

A

Polypeptides

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16
Q

What is the difference between beta helix and alpha helix in a secondary protein structre?

A

Beta helix has a further chain and so the bonds are more stronger and the structre of an alpha is the same as it still has hydrogen bonds (which are weak bonds) but the alpha is shaped more of like a spring.

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17
Q

How will the structre of a protein change from primary to secondary and etc.

A

Primary structre always is just a long linear chain and it will bend or change shape to secondary which means the chain extends and has hydrogen bonds.

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18
Q

How will the structre of protein change from secondary to tertiary and then to quaternary?

A

It will extend and have hydrogen,ionic and diasulphur bonds . And then it will change to quaternary by the lines extending and also goring in a different changing shape.

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19
Q

What bonds are tertiary and quaternary structre made up of?

A

Hydrogen,Ionic and diasulfide bonds.

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20
Q

What are the two seondary protein structres called?

A

Alpha helix and beta helix.

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21
Q

What does the nucleolus do and where is it found?

A

Dense spherical structre found in the nucleus and it produces ribosomes and RNA.

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22
Q

Which organelles are found in animal cells only?

A

Plasmamembrane,
cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus,rough endoplastmic reticulum, smooth endoplastmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, vesicles, Lysosomes,Ribosomes,Mitochondria and centrioles.

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23
Q

Which organelles are found in plant cells only?

A

Cell wall, Vacuole, Tonoplast,Amyloplast,plasmodestma,Pits and chloroplast.

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24
Q

What does the fimbriae do?

A

They are thin,short filaments extruding from the cytoplastmic membrane and are also known as pii. They attach the bacterial cell to other surfaces or other types of cells.

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25
Q

What is the function of cell wall in a bacterium cell?

A

The cell wall is a tough and rigid structre of peptidoglycan and it surrounds the bacterium like a shell and it lies external to the cytoplastmic membrane.

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26
Q

Function of capsule in bacterium cell?

A

It is a outer covering of thin jelly-like material that surrounds the cell wall. Only some bacterial species have capsule. The capsule can protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells such as macrophages. The capsule is considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease(prevent phagocytosis).

27
Q

How is bacterial DNA sorted in a bacterial cell?

A

It lacks nucleur and has a single chromosome called a nucloid. This contains most of the genes required for growth, survival and reproduction.

28
Q

What does the cell membrane do in a bacterium cell?

A

Pass substances into and out the cell.
The inner layer that lies inside the cell wall and encloses the cytoplasm.
It is also known as cytoplastmic membrane or plasma membrane.
Cell membrane of bacteria is mainly made of lipids and proteins.
It is selectively permeable as it allows to pass selective substances into and out the cell.

29
Q

What do ribosomes do in a bacterial cell?

A

Ribosomes in a bacterial cell is 70S. Ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm. RIbosomes are known as universal cell organelle because it is found in both bacterial cell and eukaryotic cell. It helps protein synthesis,they recieve and translate genetic instructions to make proteins.

30
Q

What does a cytoplasm do in a bacterial cell?

A

A gel like matrix consists of water, enzymes,nutrients wastes and gases and contain cell structres such as a ribosome, a chromosome and plasmids. Function for cell growth, metabolism,and replication are carried out.

31
Q

What does plasmids do in a bacterial cell?

A

A small,circular,double-stranded DNA molecule that arent part of the cells chromosomal. DNA. Plasmids provide bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance and can passed between bacteria.

32
Q

What does a flagella do in a bacterium cell?

A

Long,hair like structre . 12-30 micrometres in length,protruding through the cell wall and contains flagellin protein. These are organs of locomotion, rotates to make the bacterium move.

33
Q

What equipment is used in the enzyme temperature practical?

A

The equipment used is starch solution, amylase solution, iodine solution, syringe, boiling tubes, pipettes,spotting tiles, water baths, stopwatch and permanent marker pen.

34
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative?

A

Gram positive is purple and it contains peptidoglycan thick layer in the outer shells.

35
Q

What does a palisade cell do?

A

It enables photosynthesis.

36
Q

What are adaptations of palisade cell?

A

Adaptations of palisade cell is that they contain a lot of chloroplast, have a large vacuole which means the chloroplast is in the outer regions of the cell and so they are exposed to sunlight.
Also they have thin cell wall to allow diffusion of substances.

37
Q

What is the function and adaptations of root hair cells?

A

To collect water and mineral and mineral nutrients from the soil. Adaptations are that they have long projections which reach out into the soil,they have a large surface area,they do not contain chloroplast as photosynthesis does not take place.

38
Q

Function and adaptations of egg cell?

A

Carries genetic information from the female in the haploid nucleus containing 23 chromosomes. They also have a zona pellucida which is a jelly layer that stops more than one sperm coming in.

39
Q

Function and adaptation of egg cell?

A

They carry genetic information from the male in the haploid nucleus. Undulipodium is the tail for swimming to the egg. The mid section contains mitochondria for movement.

40
Q
A
41
Q

Function and adaptation of white blood cell?

A

The function of white blood cell is that they protect the body against infectious diseases and foreign invaders. The adaptations is that they can change shape to squeeze through gaps to get to sites of infection and engulf invaders. They also produce antitoxins and antibodies.

42
Q

Function and adaptation of red blood cell?

A

The function and adaptation of red blood cell is that they carry oxygen. Adaptation is that the oxygen binds with a chemical called haemoglobin. Their shape gives them a large surface area. They are small and flexible so that they can squeeze through gaps.

43
Q

function and adaptations of root hair cell?

A

They absorb water and minerals. Adaptations is that they have a large surface area to absorb water and minerals. They have thin cell wall to allow water and minerals to pass through. Contains mitochondria for lots of energy

44
Q

What does nucleolus do in a nucleus?

A

The nucleolus is a region dense dna and produces ribosomes.

45
Q

What does ribosomes do?

A

They make proteins using the instruction from the dna.

46
Q

What does vesicles do in a cell?

A

Small membrane bound sacs for storing and transporting substances around the cell.

47
Q

What does a golgi apparatus do in a cell?

A

They modify proteins and package them for transport.

48
Q

What does capsule do in a bacterial cell?

A

Polysacchride layer outside the cell wall. It prevents the cell from drying out. Helps to protect from white blood cells. Helps stick to surfaces.

49
Q

What does cell wall do in a bacterial cell?

A

Made of long chained molecules which are made up of sugar and amino acids called peptidoglycan.

50
Q

Which gram bacteria is resistant to antibiotics?

A

Gram negative as the peptidoglycan is protected by the outer empty layer.

51
Q

What are the different tissues in our body?

A

Muscle cell-Long and fibrious. These cells are ready for contraction or tension our body.
Connective tissue- makes up a connective web inside our body. Holding our body together and support.
Nervous tissue-Found within the nervous system and is made up of unique specilised cells. Like electrical circuits, the nervous system transmits signals from the nerves to the spinal cord and the brain.
Epithelial tissue- Cells are joined tightly together making an excellent protective cover for the body, in the form of skin epithelial tissue can also be found lining internal cavities and organs.
Cilliated cell-cells with tiny hair-like structres designed to sweep mucus and dirt away from lungs.
Lumen-The space inside a blood vessel.

52
Q

What is epithelial tissue made up of?

A

Made up of epithelial cells. These cells can be squamous, cuboidal,columnar or psuedostratified making a single or stacked continuous sheet. Epithelium makes an excellent protective cover for the body, in the form of skin. Epithelial tissue can also be found lining some internal cavities and organs.

53
Q

Types of epithelial tissue?

A

Squamous-thin and flat.
Columnar-more tall than wide
Cuboidal-cube shaped.
Psuedostratified-Varying forms.

54
Q

What is cilliated columnar epithelial tissue?

A

Found in the trachea and bronchi.
They have lots of mitochondria. Cillia move mucus away from the lungs. Goblet cells produce mucus.

55
Q

What is squamous epithelium tissue?

A

Flat and thin with egg shaped nuclei.
Often one cell thick.
Good for where diffusion occurs in the lungs(the alveoli).

56
Q

What are effects of smoking?

A

Cigarette smoking contains toxic chemicals. They make the blood thicker. Thick blood causes fatty deposits to build up. Smoking also raises blood pressure and heart rate. This can damage the endothelium.

57
Q

What is the cause of COPD?

A

Smoking causes thick, narrow bronchioles with excess mucus. It also causes destruction of the alveolar walls.

58
Q

Adaptation of ateries,veins and capillaries?

A

Adaptations of arteries is that is that they have a connective tissue and elastic tissue. This is thicker in the veins because it prevents the veins from collapsing. Both arteries and veins have a smooth muscle but arteries have a thicker one so it can help pump the blood to keep the pressure.
All three have an endothelial layer but arteries and veins have that on the inside.

59
Q

What is symptomps of Atherosclerosis?

A

When fatty deposits (atheroma) can block an artery or lead to a blood clot blocking it. Blood clotting is also called thrombosis.

60
Q

What can atherosclerosis cause?

A

Coronary disease and strokes.

61
Q

What causes atherosclerosis?

A

Endothelial tissue lining is damaged ,by smoking or high blood pressure, Low density lipoproteins cholesterol accumulates in the artery wall, this causes inflammation in the cell,white blood cell then move in to the wall. A build up results in LDL cholesterol,white blood cells,calcium salts and fibres plaque formation(Atheroma). The artery becomes narrow and becomes less elastic, blood flow is resticted and bigger risk of blood clotting. Blood pressure rises-this will damage the endothelial tissue even more.

62
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A
63
Q
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Applied science level 3 btec (6 decks)

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