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IMMS phase 1 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Water distribution: how much water is there in:

a) the ECF (extracellular fluid)?
b) the ICF (intracellular fluid)?

A

a) 14L [1/3 body water]
b) 28L [2/3 body water]

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2
Q

Water distribution: how much water is there in the (ECF):

a) interstitial fluid
b) plasma

A

a) interstitial - 11L
b) plasma - 3L

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3
Q

What is the predominant electrolyte(s) in the ICF?

A

K+

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4
Q

What is the predominant electrolyte(s) in the ECF?

A

Na+, Cl-, HCO3-

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5
Q

What is the definition of osmosis?

A

Movement of H2O across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential.

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6
Q

What is the definition of osmolarity?

A

The number of solute particles per L of fluid. (A high osmolarity has more solute particles per L).

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7
Q

What is the definition of osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent inward osmosis through a partially permeable membrane.

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8
Q

What is the definition of oncotic pressure?

A

A form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, that tends to pull fluid into its solution.

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9
Q

What is the function of rough ER?

A

Protein synthesis

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10
Q

What is the function of smooth ER?

A

Lipid synthesis

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11
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Processes and modifies ER products.

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12
Q

What is the cis face of the golgi apparatus?

A

The cis face is nearest the nucleus and receives ER vesicles.

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13
Q

What does the medial Golgi do?

A

It modifies products by adding sugars forming oligosaccharides

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14
Q

What does the trans face of the golgi do?

A

It sorts molecules into vesicles.

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15
Q

What are the functions of vesicles?

A

Transports and stores materials. These are membrane bound organelles.

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16
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Intracellular junctions
Attach cells via the intermediate filaments.

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17
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Binds cells together to prevent leakage of molecules in between them.

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18
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A

Conduct electrical signals.

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19
Q

Name 4 molecules you’d find in a plasma membrane.

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Glycoproteins
  3. Glycolipids
  4. Integral proteins
20
Q

List 4 functions of a plasma membrane.

A
  1. Physical boundary for the cell.
  2. Regulates the movement of substances.
  3. Has receptors for cell to cell signalling.
  4. Attaches the cell to the external environment.
21
Q

What is type 1 collagen and example?

A

Makes up 90% of the bodies collagen
Eg: Bone, skin and teeth.

22
Q

What is type 2 collagen and example?

A

This type is found in elastic cartilage, which provides joint support
Eg: cartilage

23
Q

What is type 3 collagen and example?

A

This type is found in muscles, arteries and organs.
Eg: Arteries, liver, kidneys, spleen, uterus

24
Q

What is type 4 collagen and example?

A

This type is found in the layers of your skin.
Eg: Basement membranes

25
Q

What is an example of type 5 collagen?

A

Placenta

26
Q

Name 3 mechanisms by which a molecule can move across a plasma membrane.

A
  1. Diffusion - movement down a concentration gradient.
  2. Facilitated diffusion.
  3. Active transport - uses ATP, against concentration gradient.
27
Q

Name 3 types of cell receptors.

A
  1. Ion channel receptors.
  2. G-protein coupled receptors.
  3. Enzyme linked receptors.
28
Q

Name 3 ways in which we intake fluids.

A
  1. Drink.
  2. Food.
  3. IV Fluids.
29
Q

Name 3 hormones involved in water homeostasis.

A
  1. Aldosterone.
  2. ADH - antidiuretic hormone.
  3. ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide.
30
Q

What is oedema?

A

Excess H2O in the interstitial fluid.

31
Q

Name the 4 types of oedema.

A
  1. Lymphatic.
  2. Venous.
  3. Hypoalbuminaemic.
  4. Inflammatory.
32
Q

What is serous effusion?

A

Excess H2O in a body cavity.

33
Q

If a patient has diabetes insipidus and is not producing any ADH what is her blood and urine osmolality after 3 hours of water deprivation going to look like?

A

Blood osmolality would be high.

34
Q

Why is sodium doubled in the plasma osmolality equation?

A

To account for negatively charged ions.

35
Q

Give 3 examples of endocytosis.

A
  1. Phagocytosis.
  2. Pinocytosis.
  3. Receptor mediated.
36
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

Lower than normal level of sodium in the bloodstream.

37
Q

Electrolyte homeostasis: What is the cause(s) of hyponatremia and what are its risks?

A

Causes: Excess water due to IV fluids, diuretics.
Risks: Over hydration - headache, confusion.

38
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

Too high levels of sodium in the bloodstream.

39
Q

Electrolyte homeostasis: what is the cause(s) of hypernatremia? And what are the risks?

A

Cause - water deficit (poor intake, diabetes insipidus etc).
Risks - Dehydration.
(High sodium = low H2O which dehydrates the brain).

40
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

Too high potassium in the bloodstream.

41
Q

Electrolyte homeostasis: What is the cause(s) of hyperkalemia and what are its risks?

A

Causes: renal failure, acidosis, diuretic inhibitors.
Risks: Cardiac arrest.

42
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

Too low potassium in the bloodstream.

43
Q

Electrolyte homeostasis: What is the cause(s) of hypokalemia and what are its risks?

A

Causes: D+V, alkalosis, diuretics.
Risks: weakness and dysrhythmia.

44
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

When calcium is too high in the bloodstream.

45
Q

Electrolyte homeostasis: What is the cause(s) of hypercalcemia and what are its risks?

A

Causes: hyperparathyroidism, Vit D toxicity, malignancy.
Risks: renal stones and metastatic calcification.

IMMS phase 1 (9 decks)

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