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Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structure of the cell surface membrane

A

made up of a phospholipid bilayer which gives permeability to certain things

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2
Q

what is the nucleus made up of ?

A

nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
nucleolus

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3
Q

describe the function of the nucleus. (4 marks)

A

-contains genetic material
- nucleolus makes ribosomes which are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA
-site of transcripition. (controls cell activity)
-contains sequences of bases in DNA

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4
Q

what are ribosome made up of?

A

proteins
ribosomal RNA

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5
Q

what is the inner membrane called in the mitochondria

A

cristae

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6
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

the site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced

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7
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

-modifies and processes proteins and lipids
- also makes lysosomes

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8
Q

what is the function of the golgi vesicle

A

transports proteins and lipids to cell surface membrane for exocytosis

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9
Q

what is the role of lysosomes

A

produce hydrolytic enzymes called lysozymes

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10
Q

what enzymes do lysosomes contain

A

lysozymes

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11
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

site of proteinsynthesis
(translation)

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12
Q

what is presented on the surface of the RER

A

ribosomes

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13
Q

what is the role of the RER

A

folds polypetides into secondary/tertiary structure

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14
Q

what is the function of the SER

A

synthesis and processes lipids

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15
Q

what is the function of thee chloroplast

A

it absorbs light for photosynthesis
in order to produce organic substances e.g. glucose

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16
Q

what is the cell wall in algae and plants made up of?

A

cellulose

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17
Q

what is the cell wall in fungi made up of

A

chitin

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18
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

maintains cell rigidity

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19
Q

what is the function the cell vacoule

A

maintains pressure in the cell

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20
Q

what is the structure of the cell vacoule

A

contains cell sap
which consists of sugars and salts

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21
Q

how are specialised cells organised

A

cells -> tissues -> organ -> organ system

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22
Q

are viruses prokaryotic cells?

A

NO

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23
Q

what is the cell wall made up of in a prokaryotic cell

A

murein (glycoprotein)

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24
Q

what is thee thingy that surrounds a prokaryotic cell?

A

capsule

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25
what is the DNA like in a prokaryotic cell
circular
26
outline the differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? (5 marks)
-prokaryotic cells contain no membrane bound organelles WHEREAS eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles -The DNA of prokaryotic cells arent associated with proteins and is circular WHILST the DNA in eukaryotes is linear and is associated with proteins. - The cell wall in prokaryotes are made up of murein WHILST the cell wall in eukaryotes is made up of cellulose - Prokaryotes have smaller ribosomes WHEREAS Eukaryotes have larger ribosomes. - Prokaryotes have no nucleus WHILST Eukaryotes do have a nucleus
27
what do prokaryotic cells contain
plasmids flagella capsule
28
what are viruses
they are acellular and non living
29
why are viruses described as accelular?
they are unable to divide in cells
30
why are viruses described as non-living?
they are unable to reproduce without a host cell
31
what is embedded around a virus
attachment protein
32
what is the thingy located in the centre of a virus
capsid
33
what is found within the capsid of a virus
genetic material DNA or RNA
34
what are the advantages of an optical microscope?
live specimens can be observed
35
what are the disadvantages of an optical microscope
low magnification low resolution (cant see internal structures) 2D images
36
what are the advantages of a scanning electron microscope?
- 3D images - high resolution and magnification - can be used on thick specimens
37
what wavelengths do optical microscopes have
long wavelength of light
38
what wavelengths do TEMs and SEMs have
short wavelength of light
39
how do SEMs work
beams of electrons scan surface
40
how do the results from A TEM look like
dense and dark
41
what are the disadvantages of TEM
- 2D image - done in a vacuum, cant observe live specimens - only used on thin specimens
42
what are the advantages of TEM
-high resolution and magnification (can see internal structures of organelles)
43
what is meant by the term magnification?
how many times larger any image is compared to the actual size
44
what is meant by the term of resolution
the ability to distinguish 2 items as separate points
45
what is the formula for magnification
image/ actual
46
explain the process in preparing a temporary mount of a specimen on a slide?
- use tweezers to place thin section of sample on microscope slide - add drop of stain. i.e. iodine - add cover slip, without getting any air bubbles
47
what is the purpose of cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation
used to separate cell components/ organelles
48
what can we use to homogenise the tissue?
using a blender
49
what does homogenising do?
breaks open cell in order to release the organelles
50
what conditions are the tissues placed in?
cold, isotonic and buffered
51
why is thee tissue in a cold solution
to reduce enzyme activity
52
why is the tissue in an isotonic solution
prevents osmosis from occurring so the organelles dont burst or undergo lysis
53
why is the tissue kept in a buffered solution?
to maintain the pH so the enzymes dont denature
54
why do we filter the homogenate
to remove large debris
55
what is the purpose of ultracentrifuge
to separate cell components
56
explain the process of ultracentrifugation?
- centrifuge at low speeds - remove pellet - spin supernatant at a higher speed - repeat increasing the speed
57
what is formed within the pellet
the denseset organelle
58
outline the order of the organelles formed within each pellet?
nuclei--> chloroplasts-->mitochondria--> lysosmes--> endoplasmic recticulum--> ribosomes
59
how are artefacts distinguished?
prepare specimens in different ways if an object is seen in one preparation technique , but not another then its an artefact.
60
why are thin sections of tissues used
a single layer of cells is used to allow light to travel through.
61
Explain why the 2 organelles (mitochondria) appear differently
sections are cut at different angles different orientation
62
what is the role of lysosmes in digesting bacteria
they fuse with the vesicle and release hydrolytic enzymes called lysosomes

biology (10 decks)

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