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biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the structure of the cell surface membrane

A

made up of a phospholipid bilayer which gives permeability to certain things

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2
Q

what is the nucleus made up of ?

A

nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
nucleolus

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3
Q

describe the function of the nucleus. (4 marks)

A

-contains genetic material
- nucleolus makes ribosomes which are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA
-site of transcripition. (controls cell activity)
-contains sequences of bases in DNA

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4
Q

what are ribosome made up of?

A

proteins
ribosomal RNA

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5
Q

what is the inner membrane called in the mitochondria

A

cristae

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6
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

the site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced

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7
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

-modifies and processes proteins and lipids
- also makes lysosomes

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8
Q

what is the function of the golgi vesicle

A

transports proteins and lipids to cell surface membrane for exocytosis

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9
Q

what is the role of lysosomes

A

produce hydrolytic enzymes called lysozymes

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10
Q

what enzymes do lysosomes contain

A

lysozymes

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11
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

site of proteinsynthesis
(translation)

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12
Q

what is presented on the surface of the RER

A

ribosomes

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13
Q

what is the role of the RER

A

folds polypetides into secondary/tertiary structure

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14
Q

what is the function of the SER

A

synthesis and processes lipids

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15
Q

what is the function of thee chloroplast

A

it absorbs light for photosynthesis
in order to produce organic substances e.g. glucose

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16
Q

what is the cell wall in algae and plants made up of?

A

cellulose

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17
Q

what is the cell wall in fungi made up of

A

chitin

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18
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

maintains cell rigidity

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19
Q

what is the function the cell vacoule

A

maintains pressure in the cell

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20
Q

what is the structure of the cell vacoule

A

contains cell sap
which consists of sugars and salts

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21
Q

how are specialised cells organised

A

cells -> tissues -> organ -> organ system

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22
Q

are viruses prokaryotic cells?

A

NO

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23
Q

what is the cell wall made up of in a prokaryotic cell

A

murein (glycoprotein)

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24
Q

what is thee thingy that surrounds a prokaryotic cell?

A

capsule

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25
Q

what is the DNA like in a prokaryotic cell

A

circular

26
Q

outline the differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? (5 marks)

A

-prokaryotic cells contain no membrane bound organelles WHEREAS eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles

-The DNA of prokaryotic cells arent associated with proteins and is circular WHILST the DNA in eukaryotes is linear and is associated with proteins.

  • The cell wall in prokaryotes are made up of murein WHILST the cell wall in eukaryotes is made up of cellulose
  • Prokaryotes have smaller ribosomes WHEREAS Eukaryotes have larger ribosomes.
  • Prokaryotes have no nucleus WHILST Eukaryotes do have a nucleus
27
Q

what do prokaryotic cells contain

A

plasmids
flagella
capsule

28
Q

what are viruses

A

they are acellular and non living

29
Q

why are viruses described as accelular?

A

they are unable to divide in cells

30
Q

why are viruses described as non-living?

A

they are unable to reproduce without a host cell

31
Q

what is embedded around a virus

A

attachment protein

32
Q

what is the thingy located in the centre of a virus

A

capsid

33
Q

what is found within the capsid of a virus

A

genetic material
DNA or RNA

34
Q

what are the advantages of an optical microscope?

A

live specimens can be observed

35
Q

what are the disadvantages of an optical microscope

A

low magnification
low resolution (cant see internal structures)
2D images

36
Q

what are the advantages of a scanning electron microscope?

A
  • 3D images
  • high resolution and magnification
  • can be used on thick specimens
37
Q

what wavelengths do optical microscopes have

A

long wavelength of light

38
Q

what wavelengths do TEMs and SEMs have

A

short wavelength of light

39
Q

how do SEMs work

A

beams of electrons scan surface

40
Q

how do the results from A TEM look like

A

dense and dark

41
Q

what are the disadvantages of TEM

A
  • 2D image
  • done in a vacuum, cant observe live specimens
  • only used on thin specimens
42
Q

what are the advantages of TEM

A

-high resolution and magnification

(can see internal structures of organelles)

43
Q

what is meant by the term magnification?

A

how many times larger any image is compared to the actual size

44
Q

what is meant by the term of resolution

A

the ability to distinguish 2 items as separate points

45
Q

what is the formula for magnification

A

image/ actual

46
Q

explain the process in preparing a temporary mount of a specimen on a slide?

A
  • use tweezers to place thin section of sample on microscope slide
  • add drop of stain. i.e. iodine
  • add cover slip, without getting any air bubbles
47
Q

what is the purpose of cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation

A

used to separate cell components/ organelles

48
Q

what can we use to homogenise the tissue?

A

using a blender

49
Q

what does homogenising do?

A

breaks open cell in order to release the organelles

50
Q

what conditions are the tissues placed in?

A

cold, isotonic and buffered

51
Q

why is thee tissue in a cold solution

A

to reduce enzyme activity

52
Q

why is the tissue in an isotonic solution

A

prevents osmosis from occurring
so the organelles dont burst or undergo lysis

53
Q

why is the tissue kept in a buffered solution?

A

to maintain the pH
so the enzymes dont denature

54
Q

why do we filter the homogenate

A

to remove large debris

55
Q

what is the purpose of ultracentrifuge

A

to separate cell components

56
Q

explain the process of ultracentrifugation?

A
  • centrifuge at low speeds
  • remove pellet
  • spin supernatant at a higher speed
  • repeat increasing the speed
57
Q

what is formed within the pellet

A

the denseset organelle

58
Q

outline the order of the organelles formed within each pellet?

A

nuclei–> chloroplasts–>mitochondria–> lysosmes–> endoplasmic recticulum–> ribosomes

59
Q

how are artefacts distinguished?

A

prepare specimens in different ways
if an object is seen in one preparation technique , but not another then its an artefact.

60
Q

why are thin sections of tissues used

A

a single layer of cells is used to allow light to travel through.

61
Q

Explain why the 2 organelles (mitochondria) appear differently

A

sections are cut at different angles
different orientation

62
Q

what is the role of lysosmes in digesting bacteria

A

they fuse with the vesicle
and release hydrolytic enzymes called lysosomes

biology (10 decks)

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