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biology > 3.4.4 Genetic diversity and adaptation > Flashcards

3.4.4 Genetic diversity and adaptation Flashcards

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1
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

the number of different alleles of genes in a population

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2
Q

what is the importance of genetic diversity

A

it allows the population to adapt to changes in environment

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3
Q

what factors can increase genetic diveristy

A

mutations in DNA and new alleles are formed
different alleles are being introduced

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4
Q

what is a gentic bottleneck

A

an event that causes a big reduction in a population

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5
Q

what are the principles of natural selection? (5 marks)

A
  • variation of alleles due to DNA mutation
  • there is a selection pressure/ change in environment
  • those with advantageous alleles are able to survive and reproduce
  • advantageous alleles are passed onto offsprings
  • allelic frequency increases over many generations
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6
Q

what type of environment does directional selection occur in?

A

a changing one

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7
Q

what is directional selection

A
  • a change in the environment
  • selection pressure accts on one side of the mean
  • the extreme phenotype can survive and reproduce
    -mean phenotype changes
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8
Q

what type of environment is present in stabilising selection

A

a stable environment

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9
Q

explain what happens during stabilisng selection

A

a stable environment
- selection pressure acts on either side of the mean
- extreme phenotypes are less likely to survive and reproduce

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10
Q

what happens to the mean phenotype in stabilising selection

A

remains the same

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11
Q

what is an example of stabilisng selection

A

baby birth weights

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12
Q

whatt does natural selection result in

A

better adapted species

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13
Q

what are anatomical adaptations

A

structural features of an organism which increases its chances of survival w

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14
Q

what is an example of an anatomical adaptation

A

whales have thick layers of bubbler (fat) which keeps them warm

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15
Q

what are physiological adaptations

A

processes that occur inside the body which increases the chances of survival

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16
Q

what is an example of a physiologiccal adaptation

A

when bears hibernate, lower metabolism to conserve energy

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17
Q

what are behavioural adaptations

A

the way an organism acts which increases its chances of survival

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18
Q

what is an example of a behavioural adaptation

A

possums play dead when they are being threatened by a redator

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19
Q

what is a species

A

two organisms that are able to produce fertile offsprings

20
Q

when mating why are offsprings from 2 different species infertile

A
  • there are odd number of chromosomes
    so meiosis cant be performed
21
Q

what is courtship behaviour

A

when organisms attract a mate of the same species

22
Q

explain how courtship behaviour is species specific

A

only members of the same species will respond to the courtship behaviour

23
Q

what does courtship behaviour prevent

A

prevents interbreeding

24
Q

what 4 things increase genetic variation

A
  • independant segration and crossing over of homologus chromosomes
  • random fertilisation
    -mutation
25
Q

what is chromosome non-disjunction

A

the failure of chromosomes to separate

26
Q

how mutations arise in chromosomes

A

spontaneously by chromosome non-disjunction by meiosis

27
Q

what is a phylogenic classification system

A

arranges species into groups based on their evolutionary origins

28
Q

what is a hierarchy

A

small groups are placed within larger groups
theres no overlap between each group

29
Q

what is each group called in hierachy

A

taxon

30
Q

what are the taxa groups

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

31
Q

how is each speices universally identified by

A

genus and species

32
Q

how does genome sequencing help to clarify the evolutionary relationships between organisms

A

compares the order of base sequences of the genome of different species

33
Q

how does immunology help to clarify the evolutionary relationships between organisms

A

if same antibody binds to a specific antigen that is closely related

34
Q

what is biodiversity

A

the variety of living organisms in an area

35
Q

what is species richness

A

a measure of the number of different species in a community

36
Q

what is species diversity

A

the number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within a community

37
Q

what is a habitat

A

the place where an organism lives

38
Q

what is a community

A

all the populations of different species in a habitat

39
Q

what is local biodiversity

A

the variety of species in a small habitat

40
Q

what is global biodiversity

A

the variety of species living on earth

41
Q

what does index of diversity describe

A

describes the relationship between the number of species in a community and the number of individuals in each species

42
Q

what does a high value of D suggest in index diversity

A

theres more diversity

43
Q

what reduces biodiversity

A

farming

44
Q

what are the affects of pesticides on reduction of biodiversity

A

the chemicals kills organisms that feed on organisms that feed on crops.

45
Q

what is monoculture

A

when one type of plant is farmed
the single type reduces biodiversity cause it supports fewer organisms

46
Q

what is hedgegrow removal

A

turns lots of small fields into larger fields .

47
Q

what is woodland clearance and how does this reduce biodiversity

A

reduces the number of trees
and the number of different tree species
destroys habitats, species lose their shelter causes thee other species to migrate

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