Cells Flashcards
• Give the five macromolecules
• Building block
Protein
DNA
RNA
Carbohydrates
Lipid
Basic structure and function of cell
Protein
Storage form of energy
Source of energy
Carbohydrates
Storage form of energy to meet long-term demands
Lipids
Describe Prokaryotic cells
• Have NO well-defined nucleus and cell organelles
• Smaller and simpler
• Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
Describe Eukaryotic cells
• Have nucleus and cell organelles
• More complex
• Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists
Cell Theory
• All plants and animals are composed of cells.
• Cell is the basic unit of life.
• All cells arise by reproduction from previous cells.
Elements that are found in cells
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitro
Control center of the cell
Contains genetic material
Nucleus
3 regions of nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
It allow exchange of material with the rest of the cell
Nuclear pores
• Barrier of the nucleus
• Consists of a double membrane
• Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
Nuclear envelope
• Sites of ribosome assembly
• Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
Nucleolus
• perform certain functions such as supporting the chromatin material and nucleolus
• providing rigidity to the nucleus.
• It is the site of synthesis of DNA, RNA and ribosomal subunits.
Nucleoplasm
• Composed of DNA and protein
• Present when the cell is not dividing
• Scattered throughout the nucleus
• Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
Chromatin
_____________
• Barrier for cell contents
• Double phospholipid layer
• Hydrophilic heads
• Hydrophobic tails
• Also contains ______, ______, and ______.
Plasmas membrane
proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins
• ________ functions to support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules.
• Many cellular processes also occur in this cell part, these are ________, _______, ________ and ________.
• It helps to move materials, such as hormones, around the cell and also dissolves cellular waste.
• Cytoplasm
• protein synthesis, the first stage of cellular respiration (known as glycolysis), mitosis, and meiosis.
• ______ is made of protein and RNA
• Sites of protein synthesis
• Found at two locations:
- Free in the _______
- As part of the ___________ (Bound)
Ribosome
cytoplasm
rough endoplasmic reticulum
are made up of flattened membrane disks
Cisternae
Made up of cisternae and vesicles
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• synthesizes proteins
• Studded with ribosomes
• made up cisternae and vesicles
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• made up of tubules
• Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
What are the 3 organelles make up the endomembrane system?
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Process of protein synthesis in RER
- As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern.
- In the cistern, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein).
- The protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac called a transport vesicle.
- The transport vesicle buds from the rough ER and travels to the Golgi apparatus for further processing.
• _______ modifies, sort, and packages proteins
• Produces different types of packages:
- (thrown away)
- (this is where the proteins will be integrated)
- (suicide path of the cell)
• Golgi Apparatus
Secretory vesicles
Cell membrane components
Lysosomes
3 pathways of protein in golgi apparatus
Secretory vesicle
Cell membrane components
Lysosome
• ______ contain enzymes (what type of enzyme) produced by ribosomes
• Packaged by the Golgi apparatus
• Digest worn-out or non-usable materials within the cell
Lysosome
Degregating enzyme
• ________ - membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
• Detoxify harmful substances such as ________ and _______
• Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
• Replicate by pinching in half
• Peroxisomes
• alcohol and formaldehyde
• Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
• Provides the cell with an internal framework
—Three different types of elements
-
-
-
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments (thinnest)
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules (thickest)
• Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
• Direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division
Centriole
the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Membrane transport
• No energy is required
• Must have a concentration gradient
• Movement is from high concentration to low concentration
Passive processes
• Cell must provide metabolic energy (ATP)
• Go against the concentration gradient
• From low concentration to high concentration
Active process
• Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
• Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient
Diffusion
Types of diffusion
Simple diffusion
Osmosis
• An unassisted process
• Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
Simple diffusion
• _______ - simple diffusion of water
• Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through ________
Osmosis
aquaporins
• In ________, substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
• Transports ________ and _________
Facilitated diffusion
lipid-insoluble and large substances
• In _______, water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or _________
• A pressure gradient must exist
• Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high-pressure area to a lower pressure area
Filtration
hydrostatic pressure
- Substances are transported that are unable to pass by diffusion
• Substances may be too large
• Substances may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane
• Substances may have to move against a concentration gradient - ATP is used for transport
Active transport
Two common forms of active transport
Vesicular transport
Active transport
Vesicular transport
• Exocytosis
• Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis
• Pinocytosis
Active transport (solute pumping)
• Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers called _______
• ATP energizes protein carriers
solute pumps
Na+ and K+ ions process
- Na+ binds to the protein pump
- Na+ is released while K+ binds to the protein pump
- K+ is released and the cycle repeats
________
• Moves materials out of the cell
• Material is carried in a membranous vesicle
• Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
• Vesicle combines with plasma membrane
• Material is emptied to the outside
Exocytosis
• ________
• Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle
• Types of endocytosis
• _______—“cell eating”
• _______—“cell drinking”
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
