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ANAPHY > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

• Give the five macromolecules
• Building block

A

Protein
DNA
RNA
Carbohydrates
Lipid

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2
Q

Basic structure and function of cell

A

Protein

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3
Q

Storage form of energy
Source of energy

A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

Storage form of energy to meet long-term demands

A

Lipids

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5
Q

Describe Prokaryotic cells

A

• Have NO well-defined nucleus and cell organelles
• Smaller and simpler
• Eubacteria, Archaebacteria

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6
Q

Describe Eukaryotic cells

A

• Have nucleus and cell organelles
• More complex
• Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists

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7
Q

Cell Theory

A

• All plants and animals are composed of cells.
• Cell is the basic unit of life.
• All cells arise by reproduction from previous cells.

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8
Q

Elements that are found in cells

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitro

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9
Q

Control center of the cell
Contains genetic material

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

3 regions of nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm

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11
Q

It allow exchange of material with the rest of the cell

A

Nuclear pores

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12
Q

• Barrier of the nucleus
• Consists of a double membrane
• Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

A

Nuclear envelope

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13
Q

• Sites of ribosome assembly
• Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

A

Nucleolus

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14
Q

• perform certain functions such as supporting the chromatin material and nucleolus
• providing rigidity to the nucleus.
• It is the site of synthesis of DNA, RNA and ribosomal subunits.

A

Nucleoplasm

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15
Q

• Composed of DNA and protein
• Present when the cell is not dividing
• Scattered throughout the nucleus
• Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

A

Chromatin

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16
Q

_____________
• Barrier for cell contents
• Double phospholipid layer
• Hydrophilic heads
• Hydrophobic tails
• Also contains ______, ______, and ______.

A

Plasmas membrane

proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins

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17
Q

• ________ functions to support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules.

• Many cellular processes also occur in this cell part, these are ________, _______, ________ and ________.

• It helps to move materials, such as hormones, around the cell and also dissolves cellular waste.

A

• Cytoplasm
• protein synthesis, the first stage of cellular respiration (known as glycolysis), mitosis, and meiosis.

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18
Q

• ______ is made of protein and RNA
• Sites of protein synthesis
• Found at two locations:
- Free in the _______
- As part of the ___________ (Bound)

A

Ribosome

cytoplasm
rough endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

are made up of flattened membrane disks

A

Cisternae

20
Q

Made up of cisternae and vesicles

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

21
Q

• synthesizes proteins
• Studded with ribosomes
• made up cisternae and vesicles

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

22
Q

• made up of tubules
• Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

23
Q

What are the 3 organelles make up the endomembrane system?

A

Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus

24
Q

Process of protein synthesis in RER

A
  1. As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern.
  2. In the cistern, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein).
  3. The protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac called a transport vesicle.
  4. The transport vesicle buds from the rough ER and travels to the Golgi apparatus for further processing.
25
Q

• _______ modifies, sort, and packages proteins
• Produces different types of packages:
- (thrown away)
- (this is where the proteins will be integrated)
- (suicide path of the cell)

A

• Golgi Apparatus
Secretory vesicles
Cell membrane components
Lysosomes

26
Q

3 pathways of protein in golgi apparatus

A

Secretory vesicle
Cell membrane components
Lysosome

27
Q

• ______ contain enzymes (what type of enzyme) produced by ribosomes
• Packaged by the Golgi apparatus
• Digest worn-out or non-usable materials within the cell

A

Lysosome
Degregating enzyme

28
Q

• ________ - membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
• Detoxify harmful substances such as ________ and _______
• Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
• Replicate by pinching in half

A

• Peroxisomes
• alcohol and formaldehyde

29
Q

• Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
• Provides the cell with an internal framework
—Three different types of elements
-
-
-

A

Cytoskeleton

Microfilaments (thinnest)
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules (thickest)

30
Q

• Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
• Direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

A

Centriole

31
Q

the movement of substances into and out of the cell

A

Membrane transport

32
Q

• No energy is required
• Must have a concentration gradient
• Movement is from high concentration to low concentration

A

Passive processes

33
Q

• Cell must provide metabolic energy (ATP)
• Go against the concentration gradient
• From low concentration to high concentration

A

Active process

34
Q

• Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
• Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

35
Q

Types of diffusion

A

Simple diffusion
Osmosis

36
Q

• An unassisted process
• Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

A

Simple diffusion

37
Q

• _______ - simple diffusion of water
• Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through ________

A

Osmosis
aquaporins

38
Q

• In ________, substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
• Transports ________ and _________

A

Facilitated diffusion
lipid-insoluble and large substances

39
Q

• In _______, water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or _________
• A pressure gradient must exist
• Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high-pressure area to a lower pressure area

A

Filtration
hydrostatic pressure

40
Q
  • Substances are transported that are unable to pass by diffusion
    • Substances may be too large
    • Substances may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane
    • Substances may have to move against a concentration gradient
  • ATP is used for transport
A

Active transport

41
Q

Two common forms of active transport

A

Vesicular transport
Active transport

42
Q

Vesicular transport
• Exocytosis
• Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis
• Pinocytosis
Active transport (solute pumping)
• Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers called _______
• ATP energizes protein carriers

A

solute pumps

43
Q

Na+ and K+ ions process

A
  1. Na+ binds to the protein pump
  2. Na+ is released while K+ binds to the protein pump
  3. K+ is released and the cycle repeats
44
Q

________
• Moves materials out of the cell
• Material is carried in a membranous vesicle
• Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
• Vesicle combines with plasma membrane
• Material is emptied to the outside

A

Exocytosis

45
Q

• ________
• Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle
• Types of endocytosis
• _______—“cell eating”
• _______—“cell drinking”

A

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis

ANAPHY (3 decks)

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