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Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cell theory

A

Unifying (universally accepted concept in biology)

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2
Q

Organelles found in eukaryotic cells

A

Cell surface membrane
Nucleus
Endoplasmic recticulum
Golgi apparatus and vesicles
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Plant only :
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell wall

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3
Q

Cell surface mem struc

A

Constantly in motion (fluid mosaic)
W phospholipids, intrinsic and extrinsic protiens, glycolipids and glycoproteins and cholesterol embedded

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4
Q

Cell surface mem function

A

Regulates movement of substances In and out of cell
Has receptors which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

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5
Q

Nucleus struc

A

Has nuclear envelope (forms double mem)
Nuclear pores within mem
Has little circ protiens - chromatin
- dna combines with histones
One or more of structures = nucleolus

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6
Q

Nucleolus function

A

RNA production

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7
Q

Nucleus function

A

Contains chromosomes
Controls cells activities via controlling transcription
Has instructions to make protiens

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8
Q

Nuclear Pores function

A

Allow sub like mrna to move her nucleus and cytoplasm

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9
Q

Types Endoplasmic recticulum

A

RER / rough
SER / smooth

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10
Q

What is RER struc

A

System of folded membranes w ribosomes studded in cisternae

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11
Q

What is cisternae

A

Flattened sacs

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12
Q

RER function

A

Protien synthesis - folds and processes protiens that have been made at ribosomes

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13
Q

Describe how RER involved in production of enzymes (2)

A

Has ribosomes
To make protiens - enzymes are protiens

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14
Q

Describe how phospholipids are arranged in plasma mem

A

Bilayer
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails face in side
Polar hydrophilic head / phosphate group to outside

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15
Q

SER struc

A

System of folded membranes No
Ribosomes

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16
Q

SER function

A

Synthesis and processing lipids

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17
Q

golgi app

A

stack of flattended cisternae
folded mem makes cis

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18
Q

golgi app func

A

processes and packages new lipids and proteins
makes lysosomes

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19
Q

examples of golgi func

A

add carb and pro = glycoprotien
package things w a destination

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20
Q

golgi ves

A

they carry prod
stores lipids and proteins made by golgi app and transports them out of cell via cell surface mem

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21
Q

what are lysosomes prod by

A

golgi

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22
Q

lysosomes struc

A

round organelle
surronded by mem

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23
Q

lysosomes func

A

has digestive enzymes lysozymes that digest and hydrolyse pathogens
they undergo exocytosis

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24
Q

what is exocytosis

A

rel of lysozymes to the outside of cell to destroy material and digest organelles to re use

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25
Q

mitochondria structure

A

double mem
oval shaped
inner mem folded to form cristae
inside is matrix which has enzymes involved in respiration

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26
Q

ribosomes struc

A

small organelle floating free in cytoplasm or attached to RER
either 80s or 70s
no mem
made up of protiens and rna

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27
Q

rib func

A

site of pro syn

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28
Q

where are 80s and 70s rib found

A

80s - eukaryotic cells
70s - pro

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29
Q

vacuole struc

A

single mem called tonoplast
filled w fluid cell sap
found in cytoplasm

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30
Q

what is cell sap

A

weak sol of salt and sugar

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31
Q

vacuole function

A

maintain pressure inside cell
cell rigidity
stops plant wilting

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32
Q

chloropasts struc

A

flattend struc
double mem - one folded mem and one additional stack = thylackoid mem
these thylakoid mem can stack to form grana
grana are linked by lamellae
has stroma

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33
Q

what are lamellae

A

thin flat pieces of thylakoid mem

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34
Q

what is stroma

A

thick fluid - some photosynthesis occurs here

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35
Q
A
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36
Q
A
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37
Q
A
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38
Q

chloropast function

A

site of photosyn
some happens in stroma and some in grana

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39
Q

cell wall struc

A

rigid struc
cellulose - animals and plants
in fungi - made of chitin
bacteria - murein

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40
Q

cell wall func

A

supports cell prev it from changing shape

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41
Q

how to eukaryotic cells become specialised and process eg cell –> ….

A

via differentiation
cells -> tissue -> organs -> organ systems -> organisms

42
Q

organelles in prokaryotic

A

no mem bound organelles
smaller 80s rib
flagellum
circ dna
plasmids
some have slime capsule
plasma mem
cell wall

43
Q

plasma mem made up of …
func…

A

proteins and lipids
controls mov of sub in and out of cell

44
Q

cell wall func …
made up of ….

A

gives cell strength and support
prev from changing shape
made of polymer murein

45
Q

what is murein

A

glycoprotien
pro w carb attached

46
Q

slime capsule

A

protects bac from immune system

47
Q

plasmids

A

loops of dna not apart of main circ dna
contain genes for antibiotic res
not always present, some have lots

48
Q

circ dna

A

no nuc
circ dna flows freely in cyto
not attached histone protein

49
Q

flagellum

A

locomotion
not all pro have them

50
Q

structures in virus

A

capsid
genetic mat (rna/dna)
attachment pro

51
Q

capsid

A

protein coat
some viruses have lipid envelope w glycoproteins

52
Q

attachment proteins

A

allow viruses to enter cell by attaching receptor to host cell
and inject genetic mat for replication

53
Q

viruses are acellular and dont undergo cell division bc

A

after injecting nucleic acid
infected host cell replicates virus particles

54
Q

1st step of protein trafficking

A

protien syn on ribosomes on RER

55
Q

2nd step of protein trafficking

A

proteins into rer for transport

56
Q

3rd step of pro trafficking

A

golgi buds into vescicles containing pro

57
Q

4th step of pro trafficking

A

golgi collects modifes and transports pro to cell surface/vac

58
Q

5th pro trafficking

A

pro travel other parts of cell in vesicles or vesicles fuse w cell mem to deposit its stuff outside of cell (exocytosis)

59
Q

prokaryotic cells rep via …..

A

binary fission

60
Q

1st step of binary fiss

A

circ dna and plasmids replicate

61
Q

main dna loop on rep …

A

once

62
Q

plasmids can be replaicted…

A

loads of times

63
Q

2nd bin fiss

A

cell bigger
dna loops move to opposite poles of cell

64
Q

3rd bin fiss

A

cytoplasm begins divide
new cell walls begin to form

65
Q

4th bin fissio

A

cytoplasm splits
2 new daughter cells
each daughter cell has one copy of DNA but variable number of plasmids

66
Q

how do viruses use host cells to replicate themsleves

A

their attachment pro bind to comp receptor on surface of host cell

67
Q

why can viruses only infect one type of cell

A

diff viruses have different attachment protiens and thus req diff receptor pro on host cells

68
Q

magnification

A

how much bigger an image is compared to real life

69
Q

resolution

A

ability to distinguish bet 2 points

70
Q

3 types of mic

A

optical mic
transmission electron mic
scanning e microscope

71
Q

how does optical microscope work

A

light beam condensed via condenser lens
light passes through specimen where wavelengths are filtered

72
Q

what does wavelength of light pass through to prod visible image

A

obj lens
then eye piece

73
Q

max mag of optical

A

x1500

74
Q

max res of optical

A

0.2 micrometres (um)

75
Q

adv of light mic

A

can see live specimens
observe live processes eg mitosis
images in colur

76
Q

Name two structures in a eukaryotic cell that cannot be identified using an optical
microscope.

A

Mitochondrion / ribosome / endoplasmic reticulum / lysosome / cell-surface
membrane.

77
Q

what limits resolving power of optical mic

A

shortest wavelength of light visible

78
Q

electron mic max mag and res

A

0.1nm
x 1,500,000

79
Q

electron mic advamtage

A

higher mag and res

80
Q

higher res bc

A

shorter wavlength of e-

81
Q

how do TEM mic work

A

electromagnets to focus beam of e- transmitted through specimen
denser parts of specimen absorb more e- makes them look darker
e- have short wave length so give higher res

82
Q

tem adv

A

high res
high mag
so can see internal struc

83
Q

tem disad

A

only used thinly sliced specimens so e- can pass through
artefcts present
Complex staining method / complex / long preparation time; Image not in 3D / only 2D images produce

84
Q

what are artefacts

A

made during cell prep
thing that arent acctually apart of the specimen
eg dust, air bubbles, fingerprints

85
Q

how do scanning e microscopes work

A

prod 3d image bc e- work in a differnt way
e- bounce off specimen and are detected by multiple detectors

86
Q

mag and res of sem

A

100 000 x
0.1nm

87
Q

how do you convert bet units

A

metre
milmeter
micrometer
nanometer
picometer
as you go down x 1000
as you go up divide by 1000

88
Q

steps of eukaryotic cell becoming specialised

A

cell, tissuse, organs, organ sys, organism

89
Q

sub cellular struc in prokaryote

A

plasmid
sime capsule
pilus
flagella
plasma mem
ribosome
cytoplasm

90
Q

plasmid

A

smaller seq dna struc
small circ struc

91
Q

slime capsule

A

prevent dessication and chem attack
protect bacteria from drying out and from attack by cells of the immune system of the host organism

92
Q

pilus

A

for attachment to other cells or surfaces
transfer of material betwen bacteria

93
Q

plasma mem

A

exhange of substances w environment

94
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

95
Q

cytoplasm

A

site of chemical reactions

96
Q

how do viruses work

A

are acellular
dont undergo cell div
following injection its nucleic acids the infected host cell replicates its virus particles

97
Q

to calc image length

A

mesasure from longet point
convert units to whatever the scale bar is
Whatever you get multiply that length of scale bar given to find actual size
Round mag to 3sf

98
Q

SEM VS TEM

A
99
Q

explain how hiv affects production of antibodies when aids devlops in a person

A
  1. Less/no antibody produced;
  2. (Because HIV) destroys helper T cells;
  3. (So) few/no B cells activated / stimulated
    OR
    (So) few/no B cells undergo
    mitosis/differentiate/form plasma cells;
100
Q

outline role of organelles in production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells

A
  1. DNA in nucleus is code (for protein);
  2. Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum
    produce (protein);
  3. Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein
    synthesis);
    4 Golgi apparatus package/modify;
    OR
    Carbohydrate added/glycoprotein produced by
    Golgi apparatus;
    5 Vesicles transport
    OR
    Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports;
  4. (Vesicles) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane;
101
Q

describe and explain role of antibodies in stimulating phagcytosis
not including process of phagcytosis

A
  1. Bind to antigen
    OR
    Are markers;
  2. (Antibodies) cause
    clumping/agglutination
    OR
    Attract phagocytes;
102
Q

the movement of substances across cell membranes is affected by membrane structure describe how

A
  1. Phospholipid (bilayer) allows
    movement/diffusion of nonpolar/lipid-soluble substances;
  2. Phospholipid (bilayer) prevents
    movement/diffusion of polar/
    charged/lipid-insoluble substances
    OR
    (Membrane) proteins allow
    polar/charged substances to cross
    the membrane/bilayer;
  3. Carrier proteins allow active
    transport;
  4. Channel/carrier proteins allow
    facilitated diffusion/co-transport;
  5. Shape/charge of channel / carrier
    determines which substances
    move;
  6. Number of channels/carriers
    determines how much movement;
  7. Membrane surface area
    determines how much
    diffusion/movement;
  8. Cholesterol affects
    fluidity/rigidity/permeability;

Bio Aqa (9 decks)

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