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G11 General Biology 1 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

The smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life.

A

cell

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2
Q

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by b glycosidic linkages.

A

cellulose

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3
Q

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists.

A

cell wall

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4
Q

A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a “9+0” pattern.

A

centriole

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5
Q

An adenine containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

A

ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate

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6
Q

A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae in the membranes of certain prokaryotes.

A

Chlorophyll

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7
Q

A eukaryotic cell structure consisting of a “9+0” arrangement of microtubule triplets. It may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole.

A

Basal Body

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8
Q

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.

A

Cytoskeletal System

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9
Q

The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.

A

cytosol

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10
Q

A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA)

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11
Q

What is the theory that the mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell? The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

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12
Q

What is the type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

The contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus.

A

cytoplasm

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14
Q

What is the meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells?

A

Extracellular Matrix

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15
Q

What is the long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion?

A

flagellum

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16
Q

What is the organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably non-cellulose carbohydrates?

A

Golgi Body

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17
Q

What is the term for having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water?

A

hydrophobic

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18
Q

What is the term for having an affinity for water?

A

Hydrophilic

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19
Q

What is the component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments?

A

intermediate filaments

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20
Q

A membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm?

A

Lysosome

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21
Q

What is the organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP?

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

What is the organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP?

A

mitochondria

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22
Q

What is the type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP?

A

Myosin

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23
Q

What is the non-membrane enclosed region in a prokaryotic cells where its chromosome is located?

A

nucleoid

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24
Q

What is the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin?

A

nucleus

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25
Q

What is the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition?

A

plasma membrane

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26
Q

What is the complex of rRNA and protein molecules that function as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, consists of a large and small subunit?

A

ribosomes

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27
Q

What is the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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28
Q

What is the membrane-bound vesicle whose specialized function varies indifferent kinds of cells?

A

vacuole

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29
Q

What is the small hair like structures used for movement or sensing things?

A

cilia

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30
Q

What is the type of intercellular junction that directly connects the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing bridges between cells?

A

plasmodesmata

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31
Q

What is a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that function as a rivet, fastening cells together?

A

desmosomes

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32
Q

What is the main use of integrins?

A

to transmit signal between ECM and cytoskeleton.

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33
Q

What is the purpose of tight junctions?

A

Creates a barrier in which molecules can’t pass through. E.g. prevent leakages of digestive enzymes.

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34
Q

What are microtubules for?

A

shapes the cell, guides movement of organelle, monorails, separates chromosomes during cell division.

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35
Q

Where are microtubules organized at?

A

centrosome

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36
Q

What are the parts of microtubules?

A
  1. Attached to plasma membrane - most of the time it is outside of the cell
  2. A basal body that anchors the cilium or flagellum
  3. Motor Protein - dynein allows bending movement
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37
Q

Why is there a twisting double chain of actin subunits in Microfilaments?

A

To bear tension and resists pulling forces within the cell

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38
Q

What are the proteins that cause cell contraction?

A

myosin + actin

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39
Q

Give examples in which microfilaments are used.

A

Amoeba movement and Cytoplasmic streaming

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40
Q

What is the type of filament that gives a more permanent cytoskeleton fixture than the other two?

A

intermediate filament

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41
Q

What are the three postulates of the cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells.
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
  3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
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42
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

Faster transportation of nutrients, energy, efficient cell communication and processes.

43
Q

What is the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells: membrane bound organelles, nucleus, bigger
Prokaryotic cells:
doesn’t have membrane bound organelles, smaller, nucleoid, no nucleus

44
Q

What do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have in common?

A

ribosomes, cell membrane, cytosol, chromosomes

45
Q

What is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol is the gel-like substance itself, cytoplasm include the organelles

46
Q

Why are eukaryotic cells bigger?

A

they carry organelles

47
Q

What does a rough ER mean?

A

has ribosome present –> more active in protein synthesis

48
Q

What does Smooth ER mean?

A

no ribosomes present –> active in lipid synthesis

49
Q

What is the packaging center?

A

Golgi Body

50
Q

Examples of eukaryotic cells:

A

animals, fungi, protists (amoeba)

51
Q

What shape is the eukaryotic cell’s DNA?

A

Double Helix

52
Q

What shape is the prokaryotic cell’s DNA?

A

Plasmid (circular)

53
Q

Are all prokaryotic cells unicellular?

A

yes.

54
Q

How do you know a bacteria is pathogenic?

A

Hemolysis: complete rupture of red blood cells (blood becomes more translucent)

55
Q

Describe the plasma-membrane:

A
  • phospho-lipid bilayer
  • semi-permeable
  • double layer of phospholipids
  • heads - hydrophilic
  • tails - hydrophobic
56
Q

What system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell?

A

Endomembrane System

57
Q

Describe Endoplasmic Reticulum.

A

Smooth ER - lipid synthesis
Rough ER - protein synthesis

58
Q

What are the different part of the Golgi Body?

A

Cis (receiving), cisternae (modifies ER products/proteins), Trans face (shipping)

59
Q

What are lysosomes for?

A

To clean out damaged cells

60
Q

What do lysosomes contain that allows them to hydrolyze proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, DNA, and RNA?

A

hydrolytic enzymes

61
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

when a cell engulfs another cell

62
Q

What is autophagy?

A

cleaning out damaged cells

63
Q

What are the three kinds of vacuoles?

A

food, contractile, central

64
Q

What are the parts of a mitochondria?

A
  1. Outer membrane - permeable; exchanges of metabolites occur here
  2. Inner membrane - contains ribosomes and DNA of mitochondria; contains the ETC and ATP synthase
65
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

site of photosynthesis, has chlorophyll

66
Q

Which organelles are independent of the endomembrane system?

A

mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisome

67
Q

Where are peroxisomes found?

A

Eukaryotic cells

68
Q

What do peroxisomes specialize in? How are they different in lysosomes?

A

They produce hydrogen peroxide for oxidative purposes.

69
Q

Why are organelles compartmentalized?

A

So that they could do their tasks simultaneously without disrupting each other’s processes.

70
Q

What happens if the plasma membrane is permeable?

A

it will lyse

71
Q

Where can you find ribosomes?

A

Cytosol (free ribosomes), ER, Nuclear Envelope (bound ribosomes)

72
Q

Where is protein synthesis carried at?

A

Ribosomes

73
Q

What is the difference between vacuoles vs vesicles?

A

a. Vesicle - transport
b. Vacuoles - storage (usually bigger)

74
Q

What is the importance of the enfolding of the mitochondria?

A

Increase surface area -> concentration of protons

75
Q

Can changes in mitochondrial DNA affect health and development?

A

Efficiency of generating energy (ATP) -> Brain (uses a lot of energy), Muscles (muscle weakness and atrophy )

76
Q

What molecule do we use for oxidation?

A

Oxygen

77
Q

In the fractionation of homogenized cells using differential centrifugation, which of the following will require the greatest speed to form pellets at the bottom of the tube?

A

Ribosomes

78
Q

A cell with a predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum is most likely ________.

A

Producing large quantities of proteins for secretion.

79
Q

Cells are ____.

A

Characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.

80
Q

Prokaryotes are ___ than eukaryotes.

A

Smaller

81
Q

Cell crawling involves what?

A

Growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane.

82
Q

What is the primary function of integrins?

A

Transmit signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton

83
Q

Describe the movement of the cilia and flagellum. How does that happen?

A

Movement of cilia and flagella is a result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other

84
Q

Structure that is common to plant and animal cells?

A

Mitochondrion

85
Q

Prokaryotes examples.

A

Bacteria and Archaea

86
Q

Which of the ff. structure form cytoplasmic channels that connect adjacent plant cells through cell walls?

A

plasmodesmata

87
Q

Tay-Sachs disease. Cells accumulate and become clogged with large, complex, undigested lipids. Which organelle is defective?

A

lysosome

88
Q

Which organelle takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

A

Central vacuole

89
Q

A unicellular organism found to contain a cell wall, plasma membrane, two flagella and peroxisomes. What organism is it?

A

Motile eukaryote; prokaryotes don’t contain peroxisomes ang lysosomes

90
Q

Function of nuclear pore complex in eukaryotes?

A

Regulates movement of proteins and RNAs in and out

91
Q

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondria

92
Q

What does a high density of ribosomes in cytoplasm mean?

A

Cell is actively producing proteins

93
Q

Explain Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).

A

Electron beams have shorter wavelengths than visible light

94
Q

What structure is independent of the endomembrane system?

A

Chloroplast and Mitochondria

95
Q

Which macromolecule leave the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

A

mRNA

96
Q

Where is DNA found in bacteria?

A

Nucleoid

97
Q

Predominance of smooth ER means what?

A

Cell specializes in synthesizing lipids

98
Q

Which imposes a limit on cell size?

A

Ratio of surface area to volume

99
Q

Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes?

A

Phagocytic white blood cells.

100
Q

Smallest structure that would most likely be visible with a standard microscope?

A

mitochondrion

101
Q

What type of cell utilizes DNA but do not have it encased with a nuclear envelope?

A

Archaean

102
Q

What is abundant in liver cells?

A

Smooth ER

103
Q

Why do Cilia and Flagella bend?

A

Motor protein - dynein

104
Q

The 3 people who contributed to the cell theory.

A

Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Rudolf Virchow

G11 General Biology 1 (8 decks)

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