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Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle
Present in all plant and animal cells (not RBCs/Phloem sieve tubes)
Double membrane - nuclear envelope
Envelope has gaps - nuclear pores

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2
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane (outer and inner)
Site of aerobic respiration - makes ATP
Muscles and sperm cells have lots of mitochondria - require more energy
ATP made on inner membrane - Cristae

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3
Q

Golgi

A

Stack of flattened , curved sacs
Sacs are made of membranes
Processes and packs proteins
- When proteins are ready the ‘bud’ off from the Golgi as Golgi Vesicles
Move to cell membrane and empty their contents out of the cell when they get there

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4
Q

Lysosomes

A

Tiny bags of membrane of digestive enzymes

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5
Q

Endoplasmic Recticulum

A

Network of membranes

Interconnected membranous sacs and tubules

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6
Q

Rough endoplasmic recticulum

A

When ribosomes are attached
Site of protein synthesis
Proteins sent to Golgi for processing and packing

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7
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Has a different role depending on cell its in
Ovaries and Testes - makes steroid horemones
Liver cells - breaks down toxins into harmless substances

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8
Q

Cell Wall

A

Always present in plant cells
Gives support
Made of cellulose (criss cross of cellulose fibres allows cell to swell not burst)

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9
Q

Chloroplast

A

Plant cells only (only those that absorb light)

Sight of photosynthesis - makes ATP

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10
Q

Vacuole

A

Permanent in plant cells - not in animal
Membrane bound organelle full of liquid
Forms in membrane called a Tonoplast
Contains water, sugars and enzymes

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11
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of microfilaments
Helps support the cell - keep its shape
Gives cell mechanical strength
Acts as a pulley - moves organelles through the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Centrosomes and Centrioles

A

Animal cells only

Present in mitosis and meiosis

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13
Q

Light microscope

A

Long wavelength of light rays - can only distinguish between 2 objects if they are 0.2um or further apart

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14
Q

Strenghts of the light microscope

A

Specimens can be living or dead
Original colour can be viewed
Quite cheap to buy and operate

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15
Q

Limitations of the light microscope

A

Low magnification

Low resolution

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16
Q

Electron microscope

A

Light microscopes have a poor resolution as a result of a long wavelength
1930s - microscope developed that used a beam of electrons - not light

17
Q

Advantages to electron microscope

A

Short wavelength = higher resolution

Electrons are negatively charged so the beam can be focused using electromagnets

18
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

Cosists of an electron gun that produces a beam of electrons that is focused onto the specimen by an electromagnet
Beam passes through thin section of specimen

19
Q

Advantages of TEM

A

Powerful magnification
Greater resolution
Short wavelength

20
Q

Limitations of TEM

A

Requires dead/dehydrated specimens - must be extremely thin
Does not show colour
Requires more time consuming preparations

21
Q

Advantages of Scanning electron microscope

A

High resolution

Very accurate measuring

22
Q

Limitations of SEM

A

Expensive

Requires skill

23
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

Single
Smaller than eukaryotes
No nucleus or nuclear envelope + membrane bound organelles

24
Q

Ribosomes in a Prokaryotic cell

A

Site of protein synthesis
Not attached to membranes and smaller than eukaryotes
70s Ribosomes

25
Q

Cell walls in prokaryotes

A

Always have a clue wall

Made of Murein

26
Q

Flagella

A

Whip like structure
Rotates - allowing bacterium to move
Not all bacteria have a flagella - some have more than one

27
Q

Slime layer

A

Some bacteria have this outside cell wall

Used for protection and helps group of bacteria stick together

28
Q

DNA in prokaryotes

A

Plasmids

Separate tiny circles of DNA carrying only a few genes which occur throughout the cytoplasm

29
Q

Virus

A

Acellular - not made of or able to be divided into cells

Non living - unable to exist/ reproduce without a host cell

29
Q

Virus

A

Acellular - not made of or able to be divided into cells

Non living - unable to exist/ reproduce without a host cell

30
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  1. Phagocyte detects the pathogen
  2. Phagocyte moves towards it and engulfs the pathogen - forms a phagosome
  3. Lysosomes within the phagocyte release digestive enzymes and break the pathogen down
  4. The phagocyte places the antigens from the pathogen on its cell surface membrane - Antigen presenting cell
31
Q

Cellular immune response

A

T cells and cells in the immune system they react with eg. Phagocytes

32
Q

Humoral response

A

B cells , clonal selection and production of monoclonal antibodies

33
Q

T Cells

A

Type of WBC
Activated by phagocytes
Have receptor proteins which bind to antigens
Helper T cell - release chemical signal to stimulate phagocytosis (and B cells)
Cytotoxic T cell - kill abnormal and forgein cells

34
Q

B cells

A
  1. When the antibody on the B cells finds a complementary antigen , it binds to it
  2. This together with the substances released from helper T cells activates the B cell (clonal selection)
  3. Activated B cell divides into plasma cells

Biology (6 decks)

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