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Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a monomer

A

Small, single unit molecule which can be joined together to form polymer (building blocks)

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2
Q

What is a polymer

A

Large molecule made up of similar / identical monomers joined tufter

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3
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Joins two molecules together
Releases a water molecule
Forms a chemical bond

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4
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Separates two molecules
Requires the addition of a water molecule
Breaks a chemical bond

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5
Q

What makes up carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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6
Q

Monosacchaires

A

Monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made
Gluecose
Fructose
Galactose

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7
Q

Alpha Glucose

A

OH is at the bottom

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8
Q

Beta Glucose

A

OH is at the top

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9
Q

Disacharrides

A

Two monosacharides formed in a condensation reaction

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10
Q

Maltose

A

Alpha glucose + Alpha glucose

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11
Q

Sucrose

A

Alpha glucose + Fructose

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12
Q

Lactose

A

Alpha glucose + Galactose

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13
Q

Polysacchaires

A

More than two monomers formed together in a condensation reaction

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14
Q

Glycogen

A

Energy storage in animals

Polysaccharide of alpha glucose

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15
Q

How is the structure of glycogen related to its function

A

Branched - can be rapidly hydrolysed to release glucose for respiration
Large - can’t leave the cell
Insoluble - doesn’t affect WP

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16
Q

Starch

A

Energy store in plants

Structure - made from amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched)

17
Q

How the structure of starch is related to its function

A

Helical - compact for storage in cell
Large - can’t leave the cell
Insoluble - doesn’t affect WP

18
Q

Celllose

A

Provides strength and support to cell walls

Long unbranched chains of beta glucose

19
Q

How is the structure of cellulose related to its function

A

Long straight unbranched chain
Many hydrogen bonds link parallel strands to form microfibrils
H bonds are strong in high numbers
Provides strength and structural support to cell walls

20
Q

What are the two types of sugar

A

Reducing

Non reducing

21
Q

Benedicts test for reducing sugars

A

1) Add Benedicts reagent (blue) to sample
2) Heat in a boiling water bath
3) Positive = red precipitate

22
Q

Benedicts test for non - reducing sugars

A

1) Add a few drops of dilute HCL (hydrolyse sugar into reducing sugar - monomer)
2) Heat in a boiling water bath
3) Neutralise with sodium bicarbonate
4) Add Benedicts and heat again
5) Non reducing sugar = red

23
Q

Test for starch

A

Iodine

Positive - blue black colour

24
Q

Water

A

Most abundant lipid on earth

25
Q

Water is dipolar

A

Made from 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
No overall charge
Negative and positive poles

26
Q

Water and hydrogen bonding

A

Due to polarity (opposite charges) water molecules attract each other forming hydrogen bonds
Allows water to stick

27
Q

Cohesion of water

A

The tendency of water molecules to stick together

Allows water to move up the xylem in plants

28
Q

Specific heat capacity - water

A

Due to polarity and cohesion - a lot of energy needed to separate molecules
Requires a high energy to be heated
Acts as a buffer - makes aquatic environments more stable
Stays liquid for a long time as a lot of energy is needed to break the bonds

29
Q

Hydrogen - Inorganic ion

A

Maintains pH in the body
Too much H+ = acidic (high pH)
Too little H+ = alkaline (low pH)
Affects rate of enzyme controlled reactions - enzyme can denature

30
Q

Phosphate - Inorganic ion

A

Attached to other molecules in phosphate group
DNA nucleotides - nucleotides can join together to form phosphodiester bonds
ATP - bonds store/ release energy (between)

31
Q

Iron - Inorganic ion

A

Component of haem group - haemoglobin

Transports 02 around the body

Biology (6 decks)

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