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GENERAL ZOOLOGY > CELLS > Flashcards

CELLS Flashcards

1
Q

Functional and structural unit of all living organisms

A

Cell

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2
Q

Discovered in the middle of the 17th century after the microscope was invented

A

Cell

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3
Q

What is Cell theory?

A
  • All living things are composed of cells.
  • Cells are the basic units of structure and function for living things.
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells. Also, organisms grow by “adding on more cells” NOT by increasing the size of their cells.
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4
Q

Contributor to the Cell theory?

A 
Robert Hooke
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
 Rudolf Virchow
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5
Q

In 1655, He was the first to identify cells and he name them

A

Hooke

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6
Q

In 1674, because he made better lenses, he was the first to look at cells in much clearer and greater detail

A

Leeuwenhoek

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7
Q

In 1838, he was the first to note that plants are made of cells

A

Schleiden

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8
Q

in 1839, he concluded that all living things are made of cells

A

Schwann

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9
Q

in 1855, he proposed that all cells come form other cells

A

Virchow

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10
Q

In what year did the biologist discovered that organisms are made out of cells?

A

1830s

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11
Q
  • has nucleus

* has membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic

Cells

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12
Q
  • lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

* has nucleoid

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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13
Q

3 major components of all cells

A

 Plasma membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Genetic material

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14
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

outer boundary of the cell that separates internal events from the environment
- protective covering of the cell

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

has semifluid cytosol and small structures called organelles (“little organs”)

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16
Q

Genetic material

A

-DNA
- Can be found inside the nucleus
_ in a bacteria, the genetic material is not found in the nucleus—-stored in a membrane bound nucleus (Nucleoid)

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17
Q

Cell shapes and Sizes: Cocci

A

Round thingy

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18
Q

Cell shapes and Sizes: Bacilli

A

Rod shaped

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19
Q

Cell shapes and Sizes: Spirilli

A

Spiral

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20
Q

Cell shapes and Sizes: vibrios

A

comma

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21
Q

Cell shapes and Sizes:Filamento

A

like a twig

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22
Q

Bacterial Cell Arrangement: Diplococci

A

2 round thingy, a pair of round thingy

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23
Q

Bacterial Cell Arrangement: Streptococci

A

round thingy arrange in a snaky pattern chuchu train

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24
Q

Bacterial Cell Arrangement: Staphylococci

A

round thingy grape like structure

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25
Q

 a semipermeable membrane

 a phospholipid bilayer with interspersed proteins and other molecules

A

Cell Membrane

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26
Q

phospholipids

A

major components of cell membrane

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27
Q

components of the phospholipids

A

 each consists of two hydrophobic “tails” (water dreading)

 and a hydrophilic phosphate “head” (water attracting)

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28
Q

contain cholesterol that make membrane less permeable or modulates membrane fluidity

A

Cell Membrane

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29
Q

Cell Membrane: Proteins

A
  • Receptor protein
  • Channel protein (always open)
  • Gated Channel protein (always closed)
  • Transport Protein
  • Glycoprotein
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30
Q

the basic unit of life

A

Cell

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31
Q

arise from pre-existing cells

A

Cell

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32
Q

What is a Plasma/ Cell Membrane

A

the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. In bacterial and plant cells, a cell wall is attached to the plasma membrane on its outside surface.

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33
Q

Plasma/Cell Membrane Characteristics

A

 a semipermeable membrane

 a phospholipid bilayer with interspersed proteins and other molecules

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34
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules

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35
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer Parts: Hydrophobic Tail

A

water-fearing,” part of a phospholipid consists of its long, nonpolar fatty acid tails. The fatty acid tails can easily interact with other nonpolar molecules, but they interact poorly with water.

  • prevent phospholipid molecules from packing together and forming a solid.
  • repelled by water molecules attracts each other instead
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36
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer Parts: Hydrophilic Head

A
  • Water loving

- attracted to water molecules

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37
Q

Plasma/ cell Membrane Parts: Glycoprotein

A

proteins with carbohydrates attached

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38
Q

Plasma/ cell Membrane Parts: Glycolipid

A

lipid with carbohydrates attached

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39
Q

Major component of the cell membrane

A

Phospholipids

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40
Q

Composed of two hydrophobic tails (water- dreading) and a hydrophilic phosphate “head”(water- attracting)

A

Phospholipids

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41
Q

contains cholesterol that makes the ,membrane less permeable or modulates membrane fluidity

A

Cell Membrane

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42
Q

PROTEINS ON THE CELL MEMBRANE

A 
Receptor protein
Channel Protein
Gated Channel Protein
Transport Protein
Glycoprotein
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43
Q

PROTEINS ON THE CELL MEMBRANE: Receptor Protein

A

Transmit signals or informations into the cell

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44
Q

PROTEINS ON THE CELL MEMBRANE: Channel Protein

A
  • A type of transport protein
  • They have the ability to form hydrophilic pores in cell membrane transporting molecules down the concentration gradient.
  • always open
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45
Q

PROTEINS ON THE CELL MEMBRANE: Gated Channel protein

A

-transport protein that opens a gate allowing an a molecule to pass through the membrane.

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46
Q

PROTEINS ON THE CELL MEMBRANE: Transport Protein

A

protein that serves the function of moving other materials in an organism

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47
Q

Cell Membrane Parts

A 
Phospholipid bilayer 
Cholesterol
Proteins
Cytoskeleton Filaments
carbohydrates groups
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48
Q

appear as a large rounded oval structure that contains the DNA and is the control center of the cell

A

NUCLEUS

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49
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

  • Hereditary Material in humans
  • the blueprint of life
  • exists in combination with protein (histones) in the form of chromatin
  •  chromatin condensed into chromosomes (cell division)
50
Q

is the location where DNA is transcribed into RNA. Then the RNA is translated at ribosomes into proteins that determine a cell’s activities

A

Nucleus

51
Q

nucleoplasm

A

Inside the nuclear membrane is the nucleoplasm, which main function is to store DNA and facilitate an isolated environment where controlled transcription and gene regulation is enabled. The nucleoplasm contains several non-membrane bound substructures,such as nuclear bodies and nuclear speckles.

52
Q

nuclear envelope

A

is a membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm; continuous with the ER

53
Q

nuclear pores

A

penetrate the surface of the nuclear envelope that allow materials to enter and the leave the nucleus; the pores prevents DNA from leaving the nucleus but permits the RNA to be moved out

54
Q

nucleolus

A

is the preassemble point for ribosomes

55
Q

Chromosome

A
  • Two chromatids
  • Centromere
    When mitosis is about to begin, the chromatin packs even more tightly, giving rise to visible chromosome
56
Q

RIBOSOME

A
  • protein work benches

- sites for protein synthesis

57
Q

Types of ribosome

A

Attached Ribosomes in the Endoplasmic reticulum

- Free Ribosomes ( Scattered in the Cytoplasm

58
Q

Usually cluster in groups connected by the messenger RNA (MMRNA) called the polysomes

A

Ribosomes

59
Q

a flattened sheets, sacs, and tubules scattered throughout the cytoplasm and continuous to the nuclear envelope

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

60
Q

what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Production (e.g. lipids) and Transportation of molecules (e.g. proteins) —– POSTAL service of the cell

61
Q

Types of ER: RER

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
with ribosomes
to make proteins

62
Q

Types of ER: SER

A
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Without ribosomes
  • synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes and steroids.
63
Q

Golgi apparatus/complex

A

composed of flattened stacks of 3 – 12 cisternae

64
Q

It is an organelle responsible in sorting , packaging, and secretes proteins and lipids

A

Golgi Apparatus/complex

65
Q

Who discovered the golgi apparatus?

A

Camillo Golgi

66
Q

when was the golgi apparatus discovered?

A

1898

67
Q

Golgi Apparatus: Cis Face

A

“Receiving”side

68
Q

Golgi Apparatus: Trans Face

A

“shipping side”

69
Q

GOLGI APPARATUS PARTS

A 
Cis face
Trans Face
Cisternae
Transport Vesicle from the Golgi
Transport vesicle from the RER
Secretory vesicle from trans face.
70
Q

a series of flattened, curved membrane saccules of the ER and Golgi Apparatus

A

Cisternae

71
Q

spherical organelles that contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down material brought into the cell, waste organic molecules, and worn organelles

A

lysosomes

72
Q

PARTS OF THE LYSOSOME

A

MEMBRANE
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES AND ACID
PARTIALLY DIGESTED ORGANELLE

73
Q

It act as a floating garbage disposals for cells, digesting and recycling cellular waste products and consumed material.

A

LYSOSOMe

74
Q

“garbage collector” of the cell

A

lysosome

75
Q

Sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play an important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling

A

Peroxisomes

76
Q

are vesicle-like structures
contain enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) molecule to water and oxygen
or H2O2 induce DNA damage and cause cell death

A

Peroxisomes

77
Q

used for temporary storage and transport

A

Vacuoles

78
Q

occur in several shapes and various functions. In animal cells they help sequester waste products. In Plant cells , they help maintain water balance

A

Vacuoles

79
Q

only few animals have this

A

vacuole, Fat cells contain a very large lipid, engorged vacuole.

80
Q

Power generators, Powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

81
Q

They generate the most chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions.

A

Mitochondria (plural)

Mitochondrion ( Singular)

82
Q

produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) —- basic chemical fuel that powers the cell’s activities through cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

83
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate—basic chemical fuel that powers the cell’s activities through cellular respiration.

84
Q

Stage 1: Glycolysis

A

linear metabolic pathway of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid) in the presence of oxygen or into two molecules of lactate in the absence of oxygen.

85
Q

Stage 2: Krebs cycle

A

a sequence of reactions in the living organism in which oxidation of acetic acid or acetyl equivalent provides energy for storage in phosphate bonds (as in ATP) called also citric acid, tricarboxylic acid cycle.
aste product; carbon dioxide
Finish product; oxaloacetic acid

86
Q

STAGE 3: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN/ ATP SYNTHASE ACTION

A

a series of electron transporters embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electrons from NADH and FADH2 To molecular oxygen. In the process protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space, and oxygen is reduced to form water.

87
Q

MITOCHONDRIA PARTS

A
  • MATRIX
  • OUTER MEMBRANE
  • SPACE BETWEEN MEMBRANES
  • FOLDS
  • INNER MEBRANE
88
Q

network of interconnected filaments and tubules that give shape and texture to a cell

A

Cytoskeleton

89
Q

can be compared to the bones and muscles of an animal

A

cytoskeleton

90
Q

Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments

A

-strands made of spherical protein subunits called actins

91
Q

Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments

A

tough protein fibers constructed like woven ropes composed of tetrameter () fibrils

92
Q

Cytoskeleton: Microtubules

A

hollow tubes of spherical protein subunits called tubulins

93
Q

play an essential role in cell division

A

Centrioles

94
Q

participates in the formation of the spindle fibers which assists the movement of chromosomes

A

Centrioles

95
Q

in charged of movement of the cells

A

Cilia and Flagella

96
Q

elongated appendages on the surface of some cells that are used for movement

A

Cilia and Flagella

97
Q

5 – 20x longer than cilia

A

Flagella

98
Q

numerous and shorter

, and is used for movement

A

Cilia

99
Q

the movement of particles (solute) across or through a membranous barrier

A

Membrane Transport

100
Q

Different types of membrane transport

A
  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • primary active transport
101
Q

the movement of molecules through a cell membrane without using the channels formed by integral membrane protein.

A

Simple diffusion

102
Q

the transport of substances across a biological membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of a transport molecule.

A

Facilitated diffusion

103
Q

also called direct active transport, directly uses chemical energy (such as from adenosine triphosphate or ATP in case of cell membrane) to transport all species of solutes across a membrane against their concentration gradient.

A

primary active transport

104
Q

Size and charge affect the rate of diffusion across membrane

A

TRUE

105
Q

Hydrophobic molecules

A

O2, CO2, N2

106
Q

Small uncharged polar molecules

A

H20, INDOLE, GLYCEROL

107
Q

Large uncharged polar molecules

A

Glucose, sucrose

108
Q

ions

A

CI-, k+ Na+

109
Q

refers to the relative concentration of solutes in the water inside and outside the cell

A

tonicity

110
Q

membranes are permeable to ions, less to water

A

False, membranes are permeable to WATER, less to IONS

111
Q

a solution that does not cause an osmotic flow of water into or out of a cell is called?

A

ISOTONIC (iso- same+ tonos- tension)

112
Q

causes osmotic water flow into the cell. If red blood cells is placed in this solution it will swell up like a balloon and may eventually burst releasing ist contents.

A

HYPOTONIC

113
Q

HEMOLYSIS

A

the process in which a a red blood cell swell like a balloon and then burst.

  • hemo (blood)
  • lysis- loosening
114
Q

exposure to this solution results in the osmotic movement of water OUT of the cell

A

HYPERTONIC

115
Q

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION: As water moves out, the cell shrivels and dehydrates. The shrinking of red blood cells is called what?

A

Crenation, and the cells are said to be crenated

116
Q

mechanism by which large molecules get into and out of the cells

A

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

117
Q

TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

PINOCYTOSIS

118
Q

cellular eating- solid

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

119
Q

cellular drinking- fluids

A

PINOCYTOSIS

120
Q

ligands bind to specific receptors on cell surface

A

Receptor mediated Endocytosis

GENERAL ZOOLOGY (3 decks)

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