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Biology OCR B > Cell ultrastructure > Flashcards

Cell ultrastructure Flashcards

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1
Q

Define compartmentalisation

A

Internal structure of a cell can be divided up into areas specialised for certain functions

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2
Q

Average diameter of nucleus

A

10-20 micrometers

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3
Q

How many nuclear pores does the nucleus have? (and diameter of them)

A

3000 nuclear pores, 40-100nm each

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4
Q

What is the function of nuclear pores

A

Allow passage of large molecules out of the nucleus e.g. mRNA

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5
Q

What does the nucleoplasm consist of?

A

Chromatin and nucleolus

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6
Q

Function of nucleus:

A

control cells activities via production of mRNA

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7
Q

Function of nucleolus:

A

produce ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes

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8
Q

Length of mitochondria

A

1-10 micrometers

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9
Q

Outer membrane mitochondria function

A

Control materials entering/exiting

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10
Q

Inner membrane of mitochondrion is folded to form the

A

Cristae

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11
Q

Why does the cristae have a large SA?

A

Enzymes involved in synthesis of ATP to be attached to

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12
Q

Liquid inside the cristae is called the

A

Matrix

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13
Q

Matrix contains:

A

proteins, lipids, circular DNA

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14
Q

Function of mitochondria:

A

later stages of aerobic respiration, produce ATP.

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15
Q

What is the ER made of?

A

Cisternae (flattened sheets) and sacs

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16
Q

SER function:

A

Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

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17
Q

SER appearance:

A

Smooth and tubular

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18
Q

RER function:

A

Protein synthesis, pathway for transporting proteins and other materials through a cell

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19
Q

RER appearance:

A

Ribosomes attached

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20
Q

Ribosomes diameter

A

20-30 micrometers

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21
Q

Ribosomes are not

A

membrane-bound

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22
Q

What are ribosomes made out of?

A

rRNA and protein

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23
Q

What do ribosomes consist of?

A

Small subunit and large subunit

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24
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

Free in cytoplasm or associated with RER

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25
Q

SSU size

A

40S

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26
Q

LSU size

A

60S

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27
Q

S stands for Svedburg unit:

A

Sedimentation rate of particles

28
Q

Function of ribosomes:

A

Join amino acids together in a specific order, dictated by mRNA molecules

29
Q

What does the SSU and LSU do?

A

SSU reads RNA and LSU joins amino acids together forming a polypeptide chain

30
Q

What is the golgi apparatus made from?

A

Cisternae and vesicles

31
Q

How many stacks does a golgi body have?

A

40-100 stacks, with 3-6 cisternae per stack

32
Q

Function of golgi apparatus:

A

Assemble polypeptides into proteins, pack proteins into vesicles for secretion by exocytosis, protein modification

33
Q

Describe protein modification after they have arrived from the RER.

A

Proteins are modified by adding non-protein portions.

Proteins are labelled so that they can be transported to the correct part of the cell.

34
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Little round things which contain fluid and transport materials

35
Q

What produces lysosomes?

A

Golgi apparatus

36
Q

How many enzymes so lysosomes contain?

A

Up to 50

37
Q

What is the diameter and pH of lysosomes?

A

1 micrometer, pH of 5

38
Q

Function of lysosomes:

A

digest unwanted materials in the cytoplasm, fuse with phagocytic vesicles so enzymes can digest pathogens

39
Q

What are centrioles made from?

A

Tubulin

40
Q

What is tubulin organised into?

A

Microtubules

41
Q

9+0 pattern of microtubules

A

Nine outer microtubules and none in the centre

42
Q

Function of centrioles:

A

Organising spindle fibres which are used in cell division

43
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Pair of centrioles associated with nuclear membrane

44
Q

One a centrosome duplicates, each centrosome with have a mother and a new centriole which are arranged at

A

Right angles to each other

45
Q

During mitosis the centrosomes

A

Migrate to opposite poles so that each daughter cell receives one centrosome

46
Q

Structure of a palisade mesophyll cell

A

Upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll cells, spongy mesophyll cells, lower epidermis

47
Q

Diameter of chloroplasts

A

1 micrometer

48
Q

Length of chloroplasts

A

2-10 micrometers

49
Q

Outer chloroplast membrane function:

A

Allows small molecules and ions to diffuse across

50
Q

Inner chloroplast membrane function:

A

Controls passage of materials into and out of the strome

51
Q

Thylakoid system position:

A

Suspended in the stroma

52
Q

Stroma definition:

A

Where light independent stage of photosynthesis takes place

53
Q

A large permanent vacuole contains:

A

Mainly water

54
Q

Membrane of vacuole is called a

A

Tonoplast

55
Q

What is dissolved in the water of a vacuole?

A

Salts, sugars, organic acids

56
Q

Cell vacuole purpose:

A

Supports plant and maintains shape, stops animal cells from bursting (if present temporarily)

57
Q

What is the cell wall made from?

A

Cellulose

58
Q

What are cellulose microfibrils held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds which form cross links, giving the cell wall strength

59
Q

Cell wall purpose:

A

Stops cell from bursting when water enters from osmosis, shape and strength of cell.

60
Q

Cell wall thickness

A

10-80nm

61
Q

Mesosome definition

A

Infolding of cell membrane

62
Q

Pili

A

Hair-like projections for attachment to other cells

63
Q

Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells are

A

smaller than eukaryotic cells

64
Q

Flagellum is used for

A

Movement

65
Q

What does the word prokaryote mean?

A

Before nucleus

66
Q

What do prokaryotes not have?

A

A nucleus

Biology OCR B (8 decks)

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