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Biology-Biological Membranes > Cell Transport > Flashcards

Cell Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

The net or overall movement of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

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2
Q

What type of process is diffusion?

A

Passive process

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3
Q

When will diffusion stop?

A

It’ll continue until there is a concentration equilibrium between two areas.

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4
Q

What does equilibrium mean?

A

A balance or no difference in concentrations.

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5
Q

What causes diffusion to happen?

A

Due to the particles in a gas or liquid having kinetic energy. The movement is random and a unequal distribution of particles will eventually become and equal distribution.

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6
Q

In equilibrium, do the particles stop moving?

A

No, the movements are just equal in both directions.

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7
Q

What purpose does the phospholipid bi-layer have in facilitated diffusion?

A

Barriers to polar molecules and ions.

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8
Q

What do membranes contain which allow polar molecules and ions pass through?

A

Channel Proteins

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9
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

Diffusion across a membrane through protein channels.

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10
Q

What type of permeability do membranes with protein channels have?

A

Selectively permeable.

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11
Q

Why are these membranes selectively permeable?

A

Most protein channels are specific to one molecule or ion.

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12
Q

In facilitated diffusion, what is the rate dependent on?

A

-Temperature-Concentration Gradient-Membrane Surface Area-Thickness-Number of Channel Proteins present

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13
Q

How does the number of protein channels effect the rate of diffusion?

A

The more protein channels, the higher the rate of diffusion overall.

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14
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

Movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration (against concentration gradient) involving a carrier protein (in a plasma membrane) and requiring ATP as an immediate source of energy.

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15
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenine Triphosphate

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16
Q

What does ATP do and allow?

A

Provides energy for active transport which allows conformational change in a protein.

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17
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

Produced in cellular respiration in the mitochondria.

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18
Q

What enzyme do transport systems contain?

A

ATPase

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19
Q

What does ATPase do?

A

Catalyses the breakdown of ATP

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20
Q

How is ADP formed?

A

It removes a phosphate from ATP.

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21
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

Adenine Diphosphate.

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22
Q

Examples of Active Transport happening?

A

-Mineral ions into root hair cells.-Glucose out of kidney tubules into blood.-Sodium ions out of the body into the salt glands.

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23
Q

What is bulk transport?

A

Much larger objects sometimes need to enter and exit the cell and this cannot happen via the membrane so occurs via an active process.

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24
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

The bulk transport of material into cells.

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25
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis for solids and pinocytosis for liquids.

26
Q

What is the first step in endocytosis?

A

Cell surface membrane first invaginates when it comes into contact with the material to be transported.

27
Q

What is the second step in endocytosis?

A

Membrane enfolds the material until the membrane fuses and forms a vesicle.

28
Q

What is the third step in endocytosis?

A

The vesicle pinches off and moved into the cytoplasm to transfer the material for further processing within the cell.

29
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Reverse of endocytosis.

30
Q

What is the first step in exocytosis?

A

Vesicles move towards and fuse with the cell surface membrane.

31
Q

What is the second step in exocytosis?

A

The contents of the vesicle are then released outside of the cell.

32
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The net movement of water from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential across a partially permeable membrane.

33
Q

What is the symbol for water potential?

A

Ψ

34
Q

What is water pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by water molecules as they collide with a membrane or container.

35
Q

What are the units of water potential?

A

kilopascals (kPa)

36
Q

What is the highest water potential?

A

0

37
Q

What substance has the highest water potential?

A

Pure Water

38
Q

What has a negative water potential?

A

All solutions.

39
Q

What increases water potential?

A

Pressure.

40
Q

What decreases water potential?

A

Solute.

41
Q

What type of transport is osmosis?

A

Passive.

42
Q

What are the 3 types of tonicity?

A

HypertonicIsotonicHypotonic

43
Q

What does it mean if a solution is Hypertonic?

A

The solute concentration in solution is higher than the solute concentration inside the cell.

44
Q

What does it mean if a solution is Isotonic?

A

The solute concentration in solution is the same than the solute concentration inside the cell.

45
Q

What does it mean if a solution is Hypotonic?

A

The solute concentration in solution is lower than the solute concentration inside the cell.

46
Q

In an animal cell, if it has a hypotonic WP, what is the next movement of water?

A

Enters the cell.

47
Q

What is the state of this cell now? (hypotonic)

A

Swells and bursts. (Cytolisis)

48
Q

In an animal cell, if it has a Isotonic WP, what is the next movement of water?

A

No change

49
Q

In an animal cell, if it has a hypertonic WP, what is the next movement of water?

A

Leaves cell.

50
Q

What is the state of this cell now? (hypertonic)

A

Shrinks (crenates)

51
Q

Why is osmosis different in plant cells?

A

Plants are unable to control the water potential of surrounding fluids.

52
Q

What feature do plants have to help osmosis?

A

Strong cellulose cell wall.

53
Q

What happens in plants when in a hypotonic solution? And what does this increase?

A

Water enters the cell via osmosis.Increases hydrostatic pressure and pushes the membrane against the cell wall.

54
Q

What is this pressure called and what does it resist?

A

Turgor and resists the entry of water.

55
Q

In an plant cell, if it has a hypotonic WP, what is the next movement of water?

A

Enters cell.

56
Q

What is the condition of the protoplast now? (hypotonic)

A

Swells and becomes turgid.

57
Q

In an plant cell, if it has a isotonic WP, what is the next movement of water?

A

Water constantly enters and leaves but at equal rates.

58
Q

What is the condition of the protoplast now? (isotonic)

A

No change.

59
Q

In an plant cell, if it has a hypertonic WP, what is the next movement of water?

A

Leaves cell.

60
Q

What is the condition of the protoplast now? (hypertonic)

A

Plasmolysis, contents shrink.

Biology-Biological Membranes (5 decks)

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