cell, tissues, organs and systems

Question 1

What is the make- up of a system?

Answer 1

Cells>tissues>Organs>systems

Question 2

What do systems do?

Answer 2

Perform functions that maintain homeostasis

Question 3

What is a plasma membrane?

Answer 3

Semi permeable

consists of two layers of phospholipids (fatty substance). They are hydrophilic (face outwards) and hydrophobic (face inwards).

Only small particles e.g. water and oxygen can pass in and out

Question 4

what is the nucleus?

Answer 4

Every cell in the body has a nucleus except mature erythrocytes.

largest organelle

Contains genetic information which determines cell structure and function

Question 5

what are the mitochondria?

Answer 5

Power house of the cell as they generate energy (ATP)

involved in aerobic respiration

Question 6

What are the ribosomes?

Answer 6

Production of proteins for use within the cell (protein synthesis)

Question 7

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 7

consists of stacks of closely folded flattened membrane sacs

Responsible for packaging and exporting proteins across the plasma membrane where they fuse with it and expel the contents (exocytosis).

Question 8

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 8

interconnecting membranous canals in the cytoplasm.

Smooth and rough

smooth ER synthesises lipids and steroid hormones and associated with detoxification of some drugs

Rough ER - studded with ribosomes. Exported from cells to be used in other parts of the body

Question 9

what are lysosomes?

Answer 9

Secretory vesicle formed from Golgi apparatus

break down food into particles the rest of the cell can use and destroy old cells. Clean up crews.

Question 10

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 10

Fluid substance contained within the plasma membrane.

surrounds and supports other structures of the cell interior

Question 11

What are the function of cells?

Answer 11

produce energy

Build cells

repair cells

Provide raw materials for chemical synthesis

Question 12

to successfully carry out its function, every cell in the body must be supplied with…

Answer 12

oxygen
nutrients
water

Question 13

what is diffusion?

Answer 13

Net movement of dissolved substances from an area of high conc to low conc down the conc gradient until equilibrium is reached. 
passive process (doesn’t require energy).

Question 14

What is osmosis?

Answer 14

net movemement of water across a semi permeable membrane down its concentration gradient. From an area of low solute conc to high solute conc.

Hypotonic to hypertonic.

Question 15

What are tissues?

Answer 15

Cells and intercellular matrix make up tissues.

classified according to size, shape and function

Question 16

What are the four main types of tissue?

Answer 16

Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

muscle tissue

Nervous tissue

Question 17

where is epithelial tissue found?

Answer 17

This tissue type covers the body and lines cavities, hollow organs and tubes. Also found in glands.

Question 18

Epithelial tissue functions

Answer 18

protection of underlying structures from e.g. dehydration, or chemical and mechanical damage

secretion

absorption

Question 19

epithelial tissue can be…

Answer 19

Simple - single layer of cells

stratified - several layers of cells

Question 20

simple epithelium is divided into four groups.

Answer 20

Squamous epithelium (pavement)
columnar epithelium
Cuboidal epithelium
ciliated epithelium

Question 21

Squamous epithelium

Answer 21

(Pavement)

found in structures such as the heart, blood vessels and alveoli of lungs.

Diffusion takes place freely

Question 22

Columnar epithelium

Answer 22

single layer of tall, thin cells on a basement membrane

Found lining organs of the alimentary tract

Question 23

cuboidal epithelium

Answer 23

Cube shaped cells fitting closely together

forms walls of kidney tubules and found in some glands such as thyroid

Actively involved in secretion, absorption and or excretion.

Question 24

ciliated epithelium

Answer 24

Columnar cells which have many hair like processes (cilia)

the wave like movement of the cilia propels contents of the tube

Found lining the uterine tubes and in most respiratory passages

Question 25

stratified epithelium

Answer 25

Protect underlying structures from mechanical wear and tear

Question 26

What is connective tissue?

Answer 26

Most abundant tissue in the body

cells are more widely separated than epithelial tissue

Bone, cartilage, fat and blood

provides bindings for organs

Stores energy reserves

protects, insulates and supports organs

Proportionally large amount of matrix

Question 27

What are the types of connective tissue?

Answer 27

loose (areolar) connective tissue

Adipose tissue

fibrous tissue

Elastic tissue

lymphoid tissue

blood

Question 28

Areolar (loose) connective tissue

Answer 28

most generalised of all connective tissue
Responsible for connecting and supporting organs
Provides elasticity and tensile strength
e.g. under the skin, between muscles and supporting blood vessels and nerves.

Question 29

what is adipose tissue?

Answer 29

Consist of fat cells

found supporting kidneys and eyes, between muscle fibres and under the skin.

Question 30

what is Fibrous tissue

Answer 30

Closely packed bundles of collagen fibres
found forming ligaments and as an outer protective covering for bones.
Protective covering for some organs e.g. brain

Question 31

what is elastic tissue?

Answer 31

capable of considerable extension and recoil

found in organs where alteration of shape is required, eg. In large blood vessel walls, the epiglottis, trachea and bronchi and the outer ears

Question 32

What is lymphoid tissue?

Answer 32

a collection of specialised cells known as lymphocytes

protect against foreign material

Found in blood, lymph nodes, tonsils and adenoids and appendix

Question 33

what is the blood

Answer 33

a fluid connective tissue

comprises of plasma and formed elements

Question 34

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 34

skeletal (voluntary)
Smooth (involuntary)
cardiac

Able to contract and produce movement

Question 35

what is skeletal muscle tissue?

Answer 35

Voluntary and under the control of the somatic nervous system

forms muscle that moves the bones and diaphragm

Question 36

What is smooth muscle?

Answer 36

entirely under the control of the autonomic nervous system

Found in areas such as around the arterioles and bronchioles, controlling their diameter, expelling contents of urinary bladder and uterus.

rich in mitochondria that fuel slow and sustained activity

Usually in walls of hollow organs

Question 37

what is cardiac tissue?

Answer 37

Found only in the wall of the heart

capable of self-excitation and automaticity but is heavily influences by the autonomic nervous system

Question 38

What are the two types of tissue found in the nervous system

Answer 38

excitable cells- neurones (initiate, receive, conduct and transmit info)
Non excitable cells - neuroglia (support the neurones)

the purpose of nervous tissue is to receive stimuli from inside and outside the body and relay to brain.
Irritability - nerve impulses are produced in response to a stimuli
conductivity - impulses are transmitted from the brain to other tissues of the body

Question 39

What are the main membranes?

Answer 39

mucous
serous
Synovial

Question 40

What are mucous membranes

Answer 40

moist lining of the alimentary tract, respiratory tract and genitourinary tracts

Organs lined with a mucous membrane have a moist slippery surface

Mucous protects the lining membrane from mechanical and chemical injury

In the respiratory tract it traps inhaled foreign particles, preventing them from entering the alveoli of the lungs

Question 41

what is a serous membrane?

Answer 41

Secrete serous watery fluid

allows organ to glide freely within the cavity without being damaged by friction

Question 42

What is a synovial membrane?

Answer 42

found lining the joint cavities and surrounding tendons, which would be injured by rubbing against bones

Synovial membrane secretes clear, sticky, oily synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant to the joints and helps to maintain their stability

Question 43

exocrine v endocrine glands

Answer 43

exocrine: glands that discharge their secretion onto the epithelial surface of an organ, either directly or through a duct

Endocrine: discharge their secretion into blood and lymph and their secretions are hormones.

Question 44

what is an organ?

Answer 44

An organ is a structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organized to perform a more complex function than any one tissue can alone

Question 45

what is a system?

Answer 45

This is a group of organs arranged to perform a more complex function than any one organ can alone

Each system performs a particular function to help maintain homeostasis and contributes to the health of the individual

Question 46

The body is divided into four cavities which contain major organs…

Answer 46

cranial cavity - brain

Thoracic cavity - lungs and mediastinum (contains heart, trachea, bronchi, oesophagus and large blood vessels)

abdominal cavity. (stomach, kidney, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, intestine, spleen). Also divided into 9 regions used to locate the organs

Pelvic cavity - bladder, uretha, rectum, reproductive organs

Question 47

9 regions of the abdominal cavity

Answer 47

Right and left hypochondriac region (at the top)
epigastric region (top middle)

Right and left lumbar region (middle) 
umbilical region (middle middle)

Right and left inguinal region (bottom)
hypogastric region )bottom middle)