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component 14 - Integumentary system > Cardivascular system > Flashcards

Cardivascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Blood 3 main functions

A

RBC, WBC, plasma and platelets

Transportation of oxygen (if not enough oxygen hypoxia, effect at cellular level), c02 (gaseous exchange), nutrients (e.g. glucose), waste, hormones and heat

Regulation of pH levels and regulation of heat (dilation and constriction of blood vessels)

Protection from infection (uses WBC for infection control) and stop you bleeding out through its clotting ability

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2
Q

Physical characteristics of blood

A 
Thicker than water
more viscous than water
Blood temp is 38 degrees
pH is about 7.35-7.45 and therefore slightly alkaline
About 7-8% of body weight
males have approximately 70mls per kg of blood
Females have approx 60mls per kg
children have about 80mls per kg
Newborn has about 100mls per kg
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3
Q

Blood loss and children

A

Children can’t afford to loose much blood, so even smallest amount of blood loss can be time critical

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4
Q

Blood formation

A

Happens in the red bone marrow and is known as haemopoiesis.

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5
Q

Blood components

A

Plasma - 55% (proteins, water, electrolytes, gases, nutrients)

Cellular formed elements - 45% (platelets, WBC, RBC)

WBC and platelets - <1%

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6
Q

3 main types of blood cells

A

Erythrocutes (RBC)

Leukocytes (WBC)

Thrombocytes (platelets)

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7
Q

Red blood cells:

A

Responsible for:

transportation of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and transportation of small amounts of c02 from the tissues to the lungs

Can change shape and squeeze through smaller blood vessels

are circular bi-concave discs which provides a greater surface area for the transportation of 02 and thus greater diffusion

Do not have a nucleus

life span of 120 days and so regenerated relatively quickly in the body. This is why we can afford to give blood.

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8
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Oxygen binds on to the haemoglobin on the RBC for transport around the body

it is a complex protein that consists of haem (iron containing part) and globin (protein part)

A fully saturated haemoglobin molecule can carry 4 02 atoms

women tend to require more iron within their diets due to menstruation

worn out RBC are destroyed by the spleen and liver by WBC.

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9
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin combines with 02 to form oxyhaemoglobin. This combination gives blood its red colour (shows it is very well oxygenated).

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10
Q

carbaminohaemoglobin

A

haemoglobin carries 23% of the c02 that is returned from the tissues to the lungs to be breathed out. When it is carrying this c02 it is known as carbaminohaemoglobin.

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11
Q

Carboxyhaemoglobin

A

When haemoglobin is carrying carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide binds at the same sites on the haemoglobin molecule as oxygen but it has a greater affinity for haemoglobin than oxygen (210 times greater) and so will attach quicker and more efficiently than oxygen. This is why carbon monoxide poisoning is so dangerous. Body is then not getter any oxygen. Haemoglobin just assumes it is oxygen attached as it doesn’t know the difference.

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12
Q

Thrombocytes (platelets)

A

Very small non-nucleated discs

can be sticky and are responsible for promoting clotting and the clotting process.

Life span approx 8-11 days

derived from cytoplasm found in the red bone marrow

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13
Q

Blood clotting process:

A
  1. You injured yourself. This process damages the platelets, causing them to release an enzyme called thrombokinase
  2. Thrombokinase and prothrombin combine with calcium salts to form thrombin
  3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
  4. Fibrin threads form a mesh and entrap formed elements creating a clot.

This is coagulation.

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14
Q

what is coagulation

A

This is the development of a network of insoluble protein fibres in which the formed elements are trapped thus preventing further blood loss.

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15
Q

Blood clotting process, what does it do?

A

Stops blood getting out and infection getting in

Can sometimes happen when we don’t want it to e.g. blood clot in artery, causing heart attack, stroke, pulmonary embolism

some people don’t have the ability to clot and so need medication

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16
Q

WBC

A

combat infection and inflammation

live from hours to days

Contain a nucleus

WBC count will increase due to various events including: strenuous excercise, pregnancy, surgery, infection, stress, leukaemia, tissue damage i.e. burns.

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17
Q

What are the two main types of WBC?

A

Granular - granules in cytoplasm produced in bone marrow. Generally enzymes e.g. neutrophils

Agranular - no or few granules, produced in lymph tissue e.g. lymphocytes

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18
Q

Blood grouping

A

AB, A, B, O

Depends on what antigens you have on your RBCs

O - universal donor because they have no antigens. Therefore, they do not react with other blood groups. But you do have A and B antibodies.

AB - universal recipient. Have both A and B antigens on your RBCs. No antibodies.

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19
Q

5 types of blood vessel are?

A 
Artery
Arteriole
Capillary
Vein
Venule
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20
Q

Blood vessel structure

A

Tunica Adventitia
Tunica media
Tunica intima

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21
Q

Blood vessel diameter regulated by?

A

Regulated by the smooth muscle of the tunica media which is innervated only by the sympathetic nerves, not parasympathetic.

Sympathetic activity acts to constrict, therefore diameter is regulated by the degree of sympathetic activity.

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22
Q

Elasticity in veins

A

Much less than in arteries.

Arteries are carry oxygenated blood away from heart to the rest of the body at high pressure to get all the way around the body. Therefore, need more elasticity than veins which carry blood at lower pressure.

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23
Q

The heart

A

Cone shaped, around the size of the owners clenched fist.

weighs approx. 200 grams in a male and 250 grams in a female.

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24
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The block of tissue in the centre of the lungs. (Lungs, heart, all the pieces of tissue that make up these). Extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and lies between the linings of the two lungs.

the heart rests on the diaphragm, near the midline of the thoracic cavity, within the mediastinum.

approx. 2/3 of the heart lies to the left of the midline of the body.

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25
Q

Anatomical lie of the heart

A

pointed end of the heart is known as the apex

Apex projects anteriorly, inferiorly and to the left

broad portion of the heart is known as the base. This projects posteriorly and superiorly to the right.

The inferior portion of the heart I.e. the apex, lies on the diaphragm.

superior to the heart are the great blood vessels (vena cava, aorta)

Posterior to the heart is the oesophagus, trachea and the left and right bronchus

laterally to the heart, lie the lungs

Anteriorly lie the sternum, ribs and intercostal muscles.

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26
Q

Structure of the heart

A

3 layers in the heart

  1. Pericardium - the outer layer of the heart, with 2 additional layers
    Outer layer - fibrous pericardium - provides protection and anchorage
    inner layer - serous pericardium, 2 layers (parietal and visceral) with potential space, containing serous fluid, allowing smooth contraction. This allows no friction, allows heart to move inside the sac nice and easy with no pain.

(A visceral layer is always the outer part of an organ)

  1. Myocardium
    This is the middle layer of the heart, known as the cardiac muscle. It makes up for the bulk of the heart and is responsible for the pumping action
    involuntary like smooth muscle
    Left ventricle the myocardium is slightly thicker as it has to pump blood out the heart and around the body.
    Muscles are arranged in spiral and circular bundles to allow the blood to be pushed out the chambers of the heart more efficiently.
  2. Endocardium
    - inner layer of the heart
    - 3 layers which contain the vascular endothelium, muscle tissue and connective tissue
    - no friction, no nooks and crannies being formed and therefore no clots if we have smooth surface on the inside of the heart.
    - support and protection to the valves and chambers of the heart
27
Q

How many chambers in the heart?

A

4 chambers

28
Q

What are the chambers of the heart?

A

2 upper chambers - right and left atria. Blood returning to the heart enter the atria

2 lower chambers - right and left ventricles. Ventricles pump blood around the body

29
Q

Right atrium

A

Forms the right border of the heart

receives blood from the body through 3 vessels:
Superior vena cava - de02 blood retuning from the head
inferior vena cave - de02 blood returning from the rest of the body
Coronary sinus - de02 blood returning from the coronary blood circulation

Deoxygenated blood then passes from right atrium to right ventricle through a valve called the tricuspid valve

30
Q

the tricuspid valve

A

3 cusps
Composed of dense connective tissue
resposible for preventing back flow of blood

31
Q

chordae tendineae

A

Anchor the atrioventricular valves

32
Q

Right ventricle

A

Forms most of the anterior surface of the heart

right ventricle through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk. This then goes into the right and left pulmonary arteries (the only arteries than carry de02 blood. Carry this back to the lungs to be oxygenated)

Following re-oxygenation, blood returns from the lungs via pulmonary veins to the left atrium.

33
Q

what is the pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonary veins that carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

34
Q

Left atrium

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. Forms most of the base of the heart.

Left atrium to the left ventricle through bicuspid valve (or also known as mitral valve).

35
Q

left ventricle

A

Forms the apex of the heart

thickest as has the most work to do.

Blood will pass from left ventricle through aortic valve into the aorta (largest artery in the body) to rest of the body

36
Q

Myocardial thickness and function

A

The thickness of each chamber varies dependant on each chambers function.

the atria are thin walled, blood is only pushed into the ventricles is short and so minimal pressure

Ventricle walls are thicker due to pumping blood a further distance

37
Q

What is venous return?

A

The force of contraction of the left ventricle is not sufficient on its own to ensure effective return of blood to the heart via the veins.

38
Q

Other factors affecting venous return:

A

Position of body
Muscular contraction
respiratory action
Cardiac suction

39
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped in one minute

Heart rate x stroke volume = CO
HR in healthy adult is about 70BPM
70 x 70 = 4900mls

40
Q

stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped out from the left ventricle in one beat during rest

adult at rest normally about 70mls.

41
Q

Ejection fraction

A

% of blood pumped out from left ventricle each time.

Normally between 50-70%

42
Q

Coronary circulation

A

The hearts own blood supply

43
Q

what is the coronary sinus

A

The blood vessel that returns the deoxygenated blood from the hearts own circulation to the right ventricle.

44
Q

Cardiac conduction system

A

The heart can beat without external stimulus. Specialised muscle fibres contain auto-rhythmic cells. These cells are self excitable and so can produce their own impulses (action potentials).

Contraction of the heart can be controlled by nerve impulses and hormones. They will affect the rate of cardiac contraction and the force.

45
Q

Auto rhythmic cells have 2 functions:

A

initate impulses and act as pacemakers

To make up the conduction system

46
Q

DEPOLARISATION…

A

Electrical impulses move like dominoes. They move through the heart causing contraction of the heart muscle.

Need to finish

47
Q

The conduction system is made up of:

A

The sinoatrial node (will fire an impulse)

the atrioventricular node (catches the impulse sent by the SA. Pushes the impulse back out again)

The bundle of his

the left and right bundle branches

The purkinje fibres

48
Q

The sinoatrial node

A

Upper border of right atrium

hearts natural pacemaker. Fires at 60-100 beats per minute.

Impulses from SA node pass across both atriums through a series of paths called bachmans bundle. The movement of those ions/impulses, causes depolarisation of the cells and contraction of the atria. Once the impulse has finishes they then repolarise and wait for next impulse.

49
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

Found in lower border of right atrium

recieves impulses from SA. It delays transmission of the impulse to allow for atrial contraction to complete.

If SA node fails, AV node can take over as pacemaker. Not as efficient though. 40-60BPM.

If the AV node fails for any reason, it creates a block.

50
Q

The bundle of His

A

Impulses from AV node pass into the bundle of his.

no other pathway for it to take and so impulse needs to go through the bundle of his before it gets to the ventricles.

Fibrous tissue stop impulses from just firing out anywhere.

51
Q

Bundle branches

A

The bundle of his separates into two pathways. these are the bundle branches.

left bundle branch splits into two fascicles (two more pathways) so that it can get all the way around the left ventricle as it is so much bigger.

52
Q

The purkinje fibres

A

Conduct impulse from bundle branches around the ventricles. Depolarisation and contraction of the ventricles.

53
Q

ECG

A

P wave - contraction of atrium (atrial depolarisation)

QRS - ventricular contraction

T - ventricular repolarisation

PR interval - conduction of AV node through to bundle of His.

ST segment - end of ventricular depolarisation and start of repolarisation

QT interval

54
Q

Phases of the cardiac cycle

A

atria and ventricles contract alternately
systole - phase of contraction
Diastole - phase of relaxation

3 phases:
relaxation period
Ventricular filling
ventricular systole

55
Q

cardiac cycle

A

Atrial systole - depolarisation 0.1seconds
ventricular systole - 0.3seconds
Atrial and ventricular diastole - repolarisation and passive filling of chambers 0.4seconds

56
Q

Phases of the cardiac cycle and heart sound

A

heart sounds - lub dub (S1 and S2)

The lub sound is the sound of the atrioventricular valves closing (mitral and tricuspid)
Dub sound is semilunar valve closing (pulmonary and aortic)

57
Q

Nervous control of the heart

A

How fast its impulses are fired off (heart rate) are controlled in the cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblongata by the autonomic nerves.

sympathetic - speeds up
Parasympathetic - slows down

The cardiovascular centre is split into the
Cardio-acceleratory Centre (CAC) (sympathetic) and the Cardio-inhibitory Centre (CIC) (parasympathetic).

58
Q

Sympathetic action

A 
Sympathetic nerves (CAC) supply the SA & AV nodes and the Myocardium of the Atrium & Ventricles.
The response to Sympathetic Stimulation is an Increase in Rate & Force of Contraction.

e.g. fight or flight stimulus

59
Q

Parasympathetic action

A

rest and digest action

Parasympathetic nerves (CIC) via the vagus nerve, supplies nerve stimulation to mainly the SA & AV Nodes & Atrial muscle.
Therefore response to Parasympathetic Stimulation is a decrease in rate and force of contraction.
60
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Responsible for registering changes in pressure.

found in carotid bodies and arch of the aorta

High blood pressure - leads to an increase in the pressure on the receptors. These will then send a message to the brain to say can you dilate the blood vessels to release some of the pressure.

low blood pressure - receptors asks brain to constrict blood vessels so that they can feel the pressure.

High pressure over long period of time can cause massive problems. So can low pressure e.g. faint.

61
Q

blood pressure regulation - low pressure

A

Baroreceptors pick up that pressure is low. Send message to medulla oblongata. This sends message to the heart to increase its rate and also sends a message to the veins and arteries to constrict. this also constrict venous return which increases cardiac output. This raises blood pressure.

62
Q

blood pressure regulation - high pressure

A

Baroreceptors pick up on this> medulla oblongata > tells heart to decrease rate which decreases cardiac output > also tells veins and arteries to dilate > decrease venous return and lowers BP.

63
Q

Factors that affect Heart rate

A

Autonomic nervous system (para or sympathetic nerves)
Circulating chemicals (hormones, adrenaline)
position of the patient
Exercise
if the body is under duress, heart rate will probably increase as needs to work harder to compensate
Emotional state
gender - faster in females than males
Age
temperature

64
Q

slower heart rate

A

Neurological events e.g. events in the brain will create a slower bounding pulse generally. e.g problems in nervous system

component 14 - Integumentary system (4 decks)

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