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Karan - MBBS Year 1: Principles Week 2 > Cell Tissue Injury and Death > Flashcards

Cell Tissue Injury and Death Flashcards

1
Q

Describe labile cells. Give examples.

A
  • Continuously divide and regenerate
  • EXAMPLES: Epithelia/haematopietic cells
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2
Q

Describe stable cells. Give examples.

A
  • Low levels of replication and regenerate when signaled
  • EXAMPLES: Hepatocytes/endothelial cells
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3
Q

Describe permanent cells. Give examples.

A
  • Unable to proliferate and leave cell cycle
  • EXAMPLES: Cardiac muscle fibres, neurones
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4
Q

Outline the cell response to injury.

A
  • Metabolic changes/ischemia cause injury
  • Reversible changes occur causing adaptation
  • In serious cases, apoptosis and necrosis (IRREVERSIBLE)
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5
Q

What are some causes of cell injury?

A
  • Hypoxia
  • Chemical and infectious agents
  • Genetic abnormalities
  • Immune-mediated processes
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6
Q

What are some targets of cell injury?

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Plasma membrane
  • Lysosomes
  • Nucleus
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7
Q

What are some mechanisms of cell injury?

A
  • Depletion of ATP
  • Increased intracellular calcium
  • Membrane disruption
  • DNA/protein damage
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8
Q

Outline the cellular changes in reversible injury.

A
  • Swelling of ER and mitochondria
  • Healing occurs progressively
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9
Q

Outline cellular changes in irreversible injury.

A
  • Swelling of ER and loss of ribosomes
  • Myelin figures and membrane blebs form
  • Breakdown of plasma membrane and nucleus
  • Morphological chanes in nucleus
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10
Q

What are sublethal injuries?

A
  • Injuries that can be compensated for by healing process of cell
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11
Q

Define necrosis.

A

Cell death due to lethal injury

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12
Q

Outline what occurs during necrosis.

A
  • Depletion of intracellular energy stores
  • Disruption of cytoplasmic organelles
  • Disintegration of nucleus
  • Alterations in ionic transport and increased membrane permeability
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13
Q

Outline the three nuclear changes occurring during necrosis.

A

PYKNOSIS
KARYORRHEXIS
KARYOLYSIS

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14
Q

Describe pyknosis.

A
  • Condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell
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15
Q

Describe karyorrhexis.

A
  • Fragmentation of nucleus
  • Breakup of chromatin into unstructured granules.
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16
Q

Describe karyolysis.

A
  • Dissolution of chromatin of a dying cell due to enzymatic degradation by endonucleases.
17
Q

Describe coagulative necrosis.

A
  • Most common form of necrosis
  • Dead tissue initially swollen and film but later becomes soft
18
Q

Describe liquefactive necrosis

A
  • Occurs in CNS
  • Necrotic neural tissue undergoes liquefaction and glial reaction occurs around periphery, with eventual cyst formation
19
Q

Describe fat necrosis.

A

Focal adipose tissue destruction due to
- Direct trauma - release of triglycerides elicting inflammatory response
- Lipolysis - in acute pancreatitis, lipases liberated from damaged acini act on peritoneal fat cells

20
Q

Describe fibrinoid necrosis.

A
  • Occurs in blood vessel wall
  • Eosinophilic and fibrinous deposits are seen
21
Q

Define caseous necrosis.

A
  • Commonly seen in TB
  • Loss of normal tissue architecture replaced by amorphous, granular and eosinophilic tissue
22
Q

Define gangrenous necrosis

A
  • Dead tissue
  • Commonly occurs in lower limbs, GI tract
  • Can be dry gangrene - coagulative necrosis pattern/wet gangrene - liquefactive necrosis pattern
23
Q

Define apoptosis

A
  • Programmed cell death requiring energy input from targeted cells
24
Q

What are the general steps for apoptosis?

A

Initiation
Execution
Disposal

25
Q

Outline the mechanisms of apoptosis.

A
  • INTRINSIC mitochondrial pathway
  • EXTRINSIC death receptor pathway
26
Q

Outline the differences between necrosis and apoptosis. PART 1

A
  • Necrosis occurs on groups of cells/apoptosis occurs on single cells
  • Membrane remains intact during apoptosis/necrosis involves loss of membrane integrity
27
Q

Outline the differences between necrosis and apoptosis. PART 2

A
  • No inflammatory response in apoptosis
  • NECROSIS - phagocytosed by neutrophils/macrophages // APOPTOSIS - phagocytosed by neighbouring cells
28
Q

Define autophagy.

A
  • Degradation of damaged proteins/organelles into constituents
  • Occurs with membrane bound vesicles contaning lysosomal enzymes
29
Q

What are cellular adaptive responses to injury?

A
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia

Karan - MBBS Year 1: Principles Week 2 (12 decks)

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