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Karan - MBBS Year 1: Principles Week 2 > Bones, Cartilage and Joints > Flashcards

Bones, Cartilage and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A
  • AXIAL - consists of skull, hyoid bone, sternum, ribs etc.
  • APPENDICULAR - bones of the limbs
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2
Q

What is cartilage and what does it do?

A
  • Connective tissue - formed of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix
  • Provides protection. Bone precursor
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3
Q

Describe cartilage formation. PART 1

A
  • Matrix laid down by chondroblasts
  • Surface surrounded by perichondrum
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4
Q

Describe cartilage formation. PART 2

A
  • Chondroblasts develop from perichondrum
  • Once chondroblast surrounded itself in matrix, becomes chondrocyte. Space locate in is lacuna
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5
Q

Does the cartilage have blood supply/nerves?

A

No

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6
Q

How is cartilage nourished?

A
  • Perichondrum supplies cartilage with nourishment and carries away by-products of metabolism
  • Both occur by diffusion
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7
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

HYALINE
FIBROCARTILAGE
ELASTIC

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8
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage.

A
  • Appears glassy on gross examination
  • Found in trachea, bronchi and synovial joints
  • Equal amounts of collagen and proteoglycans
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9
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A
  • More collagen than proteoglycans
  • Compressible
  • Found in knee joint, pelvis and intervertebral discs
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10
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A
  • Numerous elastic fibres in addition to collagen and proteoglycans
  • Found in external ears and epiglottis
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11
Q

What is bone?

A
  • Living tissue
  • Formed of extracellular matrix, hydroxyapatite crystals, water and bone cells
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12
Q

What is the function of bone?

A
  • Site of haematopoiesis
  • Attachment site for muscles/ligaments
  • Mineral storage
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13
Q

What are the different shapes of bone?

A
  • LONG BONES - tubular
  • SHORT BONES - cuboidal
  • FLAT BONES - protective
  • IRREGULAR - variety of shapes
  • SESAMOID - protect tendons from excessive wear e.g patella
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14
Q

Describe bone microstructure.

A
  • Matrix laid down by osteoblasts
  • Surface of bone has periosteum where osteoblasts develop from
  • Becomes osteocyte when surrounded itself in matrix. Space located in is lacuna
  • Bone reabsorbed by osteoclasts
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15
Q

What are the two structural forms of bone?

A
  • SPONGY/TRABECULAR BONE - spaces between plates of bone - resembles sponge
  • COMPACT/CORTICAL BONE - solid - almost no spaces
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16
Q

How is blood supplied to bone?

A

HAVERSIAN CANALS
- Contain blood vessels that supply bone
- Surrounded by concentric lamellae

17
Q

Describe basic bone development.

A
  • OSSIFICATION - bone formed by osteoblasts
  • When already bone, new bone added on surface by osteoblasts - APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
18
Q

When there is no bone, how is new bone formed?

A
  • ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION - bone replaces hyaline cartilage
  • INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION - bone forms in areas with connective tissue ‘membranes’ e.g skull bones
19
Q

When might endochondral/intramembranous ossification occur?

A
  • When no bone (e.g in developing fetus, children, at puberty)
20
Q

What are joints?

A

Junction between two or more bones or rigid parts of skeleton

21
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

SYNOVIAL
FIBROUS
CARTILAGINOUS

22
Q

What are the types of synovial joints? PART 1

A
  • PLANE JOINTS - permit sliding movements in plane of articular surfaces e.g acromioclavicular joints
  • HINGE JOINTS - permit flexions and extensions ONLY - bones joined by laterally placed ligaments e.g elbow joint
  • SADDLE JOINTS - also permit abduction/adduction e.g carpometacarpal joint
23
Q

What are the types of synovial joints? PART 2

A
  • CONDYLOID JOINTS also permit circumduction e.g knuckle joints
  • BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS - also permit medial/lateral rotations e.g hip joints
  • PIVOT JOINTS - permit rotation around central axis
24
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • PRIMARY - bones united by hyaline cartilage permitting slight bending during early life
  • SECONDARY - slightly movable united by fibrocartilage e.g IV discs

Karan - MBBS Year 1: Principles Week 2 (12 decks)

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