Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Disease and Defense: Unit 2 > Cell & Tissue Injury > Flashcards

Cell & Tissue Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Define injury

A

Non-lethal, physical damage or alteration from normal of one or more components of the structure of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an “acute” injury?

A

An injury producing effects in cells within seconds or minutes. This is based on the type of cells seen in the injured tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a “chronic” injury?

A

An injury producing effects in the cells that persists for days, months, or years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What would the presence of polymorphic nucleated cells indicated as far as the timeline for injury?

A

An acute injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What would the presence of lymphocytes/macrophages indicated as far as the timeline for injury?

A

A chronic injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A
  1. Epithelium 2. Muscle 3. Connective tissue 4. Nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most commonly human disease occurs from injury to__________?

A

The epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell and tissue injury eventually leads to ________ and _________.

A
  1. Disease symptoms 2. Disease signs *These signs can be seen grossly or microscopically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

You are a third year medical student on you internal medicine rotation. A woman was brought into the ER the night prior vomiting blood. Her liver is enlarged. The attending physician got a liver biopsy and found swollen hepatocytes, infiltrate of PMNs and ropy eosinophilic material within the cytoplasm of some hepatocytes.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Alcoholic Hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which of the following statements are TRUE conserning fatty change of the liver?

a. Reversible change
b. Not specific
c. Can be caused by drugs
d. Can be cause by pregnancy

A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are four places you can see early changes in injured cells?

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  4. Nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is the cell membrane easily damaged?

A
  • It is injured in reversible and irreversible injury
  • Physical breakage and inactivation of pumps leads to swelling of the cell

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why does mitochondria swelling occur in cell injury?

A

Mitochondrial swelling results froma decrease in the O2-dependent synthesis of ATP required to fuel the ion pumps of the mitochondrial memebrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to the endoplasmic reticulum in acute injury?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum begins to swell. The polyribosomes detach from the ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In reversible injury what happens to the nucleus?

A

When nucleolus shrinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are damaged organelles degraded?

A

Autophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are damaged proteins degraded?

A

ubiquitination and proteosome degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are four classic types of adaptation?

A
  1. Hypertrophy
  2. Atrophy
  3. Metaplasia
  4. Hyperplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define: Hypertrophy

A
  • Increase in the size of cells resulting in increase in the size of the organ
  • Increased number of mitochondria and ER
  • Can be physiologic or pathologic
  • increased functional demand or by growth factor of hormonal stimulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define: Hyperplasia

A

An increase in the number of cells of tissue in response to stimulus or injury

  • Physiologic or pathologic
  • stimulated by grwoth factors or hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define: Atrophy

A
  • Decrease/shrinkage in the size and functional capacity of the cell
  • Physiologic or pathologic
22
Q

Define: Metaplasia

A

-REVERSIBLE change in which one adult cell type is relaced by another cell type, typically as an adaptive measure in response to injury or environmental changes

23
Q

A gravid uterus is an example of

a. Physiological hyperplasia
b. Pathological hyperplasia
c. Physiological hypertrophy
d. Pathological hypertrophy

A

c. Physiological hypertrophy

24
Q

Define necrosis

A

Type of cell death associated with loss of membrane integrity and leakage of cellular contents, culminating in dissolution of cells from degradative action of enzymes.

25
Q

Does ischema usually result in necrosis or apoptosis?

A

Necrosis. Commonly called ischemic (or coagulative) necrosis.

26
Q

What type of cell death usually results in large portions of tissue containing thousands of contiguous cells, all dying at once?

A

necrosis

27
Q

What two things occur when the intracellular Ca++ level increases due to cellular injury

/

A
  1. Ca++ -dependent proteases and lipases become activated
  2. Mitochondrial memebrane permeability transition pore (MTP) are opened leading to the inability to make ATP
28
Q

What are the hallmarks of classic type necrosis?

A
  • Cytoplasm of the dead cell is swollen
  • the mitochondria and ER appear dilated
  • Prominent blebbing of the plasma membrane
  • loss of membrane integrity
  • Chromosomal DNA is nonspecifically degraded
29
Q

What type of cell death tends to affect scattered, individual cells rather than large areas of tissue?

A

Apoptosis

30
Q

What process is initiated by the binding of extracellular ligands to specific cell surface receptors (e.g. Fas ligand and its receptor)?

A

Apoptosis

31
Q

Signals from what organelle lead to the activation of capases and apoptotic-specific nuclear DNA endonuclease?

A

Mitochondria

32
Q

In apoptotic type cell death, the cytoplasm ___________.

A

Shrinks

33
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

The condensation of chromatin related to cell injury. It is an irreversible process

34
Q

Give the general stages of apoptosis in a cell.

A

the cell rapidly shrinks

Forms cytoplasmic buds

Fragments into apoptotic bodies composed of membrane-bound vesicle of cytosol and organelles.

35
Q

Do apoptotic cells have radom or orderly destruction of chromatin?

A

Degradative pattern reflects internucleosomal (nucleosomal ladder) breakage of the DNA

36
Q

What are the four types of necrosis?

A
  1. Coagulative necrosis
  2. Liquefactive necrosis
  3. caseous necrosis
  4. Fat necrosis
37
Q

What type of necrosis is common for infarcts?

A

Coagulative necrosis

38
Q

What type of necrosis leaves behing a pale, ghost-like remnant of the former cell?

A

Coagulative necrosis

39
Q

What type of necrosis associated with focal bacterial or fungal infections and hypoxic death of cells in the CNS?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

40
Q

What type of necrosis is associated with tuberculosis infection?

A

Caseous necrosis

41
Q

What type of necrosis is characterized by a central portion of the infected tissue that is necrotic surrounded by granulomatous inflammation?

A

Caseous necrosis

42
Q

A patient comes in with acute pancreatitis brought on by alcoholism. What type of necrosis would you worry about

A

Fat necrosis. Acute pancreatitis leads to the release of activated pancreatic lipases. The fat will be hydrolyzed to free fatty acids which will precipitate with Ca++

43
Q

Name 7 causes of cell and tissue injury.

A
  1. Physical agents
  2. Chemical and drugs
  3. Infection
  4. Immunologic insults
  5. Genetic derangement
  6. Nutritional imbalance
  7. Hypoxia
44
Q

Name four reversible changes of hypoxia

A
  1. Decreased ATP
  2. Decreased Na pump (cell swelling)
  3. Increased glycolysis, Decreased pH
  4. Decreased protein synthesis
45
Q

Name three types of irreversible changes in hypoxia

A
  1. Activation of lysosomal enzymes
  2. DNA, protein degradation
  3. Increased Ca2+ influx
46
Q

Oxygen radicals can be caused by….

A
  1. O2 Therapy: High O2 radicals effect cells expecially the lungs
  2. Acute inflammation: PMNs have myeloperoxidase which produce oxygen radicals
  3. Reperfusion: In hypoxia, xanthine dehydrogenase is proteolytically converted to xanthine oxidase. Once the hypoxia is corrected, the xanthine oxidase produces activated oxygen species
47
Q

How can free radicals (unpaired electrons) damage cells?

A

they chemically damage proteins, DNA, RNA, and triggered lipid persoxidation ini cell membranes

48
Q

How are free radicals generated?

A
  1. Intrinisic oxidases
  2. Radiation
49
Q

What does superoxide dismutasse (SOD) do?

A

Removes superoxide (O2-)

50
Q

Name three things that can eliminate radicals

A
  1. Antioxidants
  2. Catalase
  3. glutathione peroxidase
51
Q

How can a cell get rid of hydrogen peroxide if there is not sufficient catalase?

A

Through either the Fenton Reaction or the Haber-Weiss Reaction, BUT both produce free radicals

Disease and Defense: Unit 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions