Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Disease and Defense: Unit 2 > Acute and Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute and Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What five categories cause acute inflammation?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Trauma (mechanical/thermal/chemical/radiation)
  3. Tissue necrosis for any reason (ischemic/trauma)
  4. Foreign Material
  5. Immune Reaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are Toll-like receptors found?

A

Found on most cells, but cleverly both on the surface of host cells AND within the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two important families of receptors for inflammatory processes?

A
  1. Toll-Like Receptor Family

2. Inflammasome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What occurs after a toll-like receptor is bound by an antigen?

A

It activates transcription factors that prompt the production of proteins that mediate inflammation, interfere with action of infectious agents (interferons) and promote lymphocyte activation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an inflammasome?

A

It is a complex of several different types of receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens after an inflammasome is bound to an antigen?

A

It stimulates inflammation via activation of caspase-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do inflammasomes recognize as their antigens?

A

They recognize some microbial components, as well as pieces of dead cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What activates caspase-1?

What does caspase-1 activate?

A

Inflammasome

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is one function of IL-1 beta in inflammation?

A

Recruits leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two main changes in vessels that lead to an exudate?

A
  1. Dilation of vessels

2. Increased permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between exudate and transudate?

A

Exudate- Edema with a lot of proteins and inflammatory cells. (seen in acute inflammation)

Transudate- Edema fluid with low protein content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dilation of arterioles produces what clinical symptoms?

A

Rubor and Calor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are three mechanism by which permeability may occur?

A
  1. Endothelial cell contraction
  2. Injury of the endothelial cells
  3. Transcytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes the endothelium to quickly and fleetingly contract?

A

Histamine (produced by mast cells, basophiils, and platelets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes the endothelium to contract long-term but takes longer to develop (hours)?

A

Il-1 and TNF (produced by macrophages, mast cells, and endothelial cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What cell is responsible for releasing toxic compounds that can directly injure endothelial cells?

A

Activated leukocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe transcytosis.

A

Vesicles take material from the endothelial cell membrane facing the vessel interior and move it to the extravascular side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What system acts to drain fluid and debris from the area of injury?

A

Lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the four phases of leukocytes recruitment?

A
  1. Margination/rolling
  2. Adhesion
  3. Transmigration
  4. Chemotaxis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Activated endothelial cells produce a protein that binds leukocytes.

What is the protein?

What activates it?

What part of the endothelial protein binds the leukocyte?

A
  1. Selectins (E- and P- selectin)
  2. E-selectin is stimulated by IL-1
    P-selectin is stimulated by histamine
  3. Selectins bind sugars that are present on the surface of leukocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Are selectins present on inactivated endothelium?

A

No. Selectins are only produced in activated endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens when leukocytes are activated by local chemokines inside the vessel?

A

The integrins on the surface of the leukocyte change shape and cluster together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are integrins?

A

Proteins found on leukocytes that change shape when the leukocyte is activated by chemokines. They bind to ligands on the endothelial surface and stop the leukocyte from rolling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The process in which leukocytes push between endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Through which vessel does transmigration occur?

A

The venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What enzymes do leukocytes produce to brake up the basement membranes of venules?

A

Collagenases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the process of chemotaxis.

A

Leukocytes contractile elements are linked to receptors for these chemicals; thus the direction of greatest chemotactic chemical density determines the direction of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What chemicals cause chemotaxis?

A

Cytokines secreted by cells involved in the injury or infection

Proteins unique to bacteria

Proteins from the complement system (esp. C5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

List functions promoted by leukocyte activation.

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Killing/degradation of the phagocytized microbe
  3. Extracellular secretion of microbicidal compounds
  4. Production of mediators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does phagocytosis occur?

A
  1. Specific affinity for the microbial components

2. Recognition of opsonins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are three types of opsonins?

A
  1. IgG antibodies
  2. Compliment system molecules
  3. Colectins
32
Q

What happens after a bacteria is phagocytized?

A

The lysosome binds with the phagosome and the contents are destroyed

33
Q

What is contained inside the lysosome?

A

ROS.
Formed by:
1. Oxidation of NADPH by phagocyte oxidase which converts oxygen to superoxide.
Superoxide spontaneously converts to H2O2

  1. Myeloperoxidase + chloride ions converts H202 to hypochlorous radical (strong oxidizer)
  2. Elastase
  3. Lysozyme
34
Q

What are NETs?

A

Extracellular traps produced by neutrophils. Neutrophils use their nuclear chromatin that provides a scaffolding in which antimicrobial compounds are embedded

35
Q

What are three general outcomes of acute inflammation?

A
  1. It resolves- Injured tissue can regenerate
  2. Chronic Inflammation- Offending agent is not removed. Can either resolve or form scarring
  3. Scarring- connective tissue fills the void (celled fibrosis). This can lead to significant function impairment
36
Q

Is acute inflammation part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

A

Innate immune system

37
Q

What specific scenarios can lead to normal host tissue damage?

A
  1. Tissue surrounding infectious agents may become damaged (tuberculosis)
  2. Cleaning up necrotic tissue by the inflammatory process may cause additional damage
  3. Inflammatory process is directed against host tissues
38
Q

Deficits in leukocyte function leads to what?

A

Increased susceptibility to infections

39
Q

Name one acquired deficiency of leukocytes.

A

Aplastic anemia due to chemotherapy

Diabetes

40
Q

What is Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?

A

A genetic deficit from a mutation in the proteins responsible for trafficking of organelles; thus phagosomes and lysosomes cannot properly fuse.

41
Q

Patterns of acute inflammation can give a clue to the ___________.

A

etiology

42
Q

What are the main characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. mononuclear cell infiltrate
  2. Tissue destruction
  3. Repair
43
Q

What are three characteristic settings of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Persistent infections
  2. Immune-mediated disease
  3. Prolonged exposure to toxins (endogenous substances)
44
Q

What are some examples of immune mediated diseases that cause chronic inflammation?

A

Lupus & Crohn’s disease (auto-immune)

Asthma (allergic disease)

45
Q

What is the structure of a granuloma?

A

Consists of enlarged macrophages that form a nodule, which is often surrounded by lymphocytes.

46
Q

Granulomas form around organisms to prevent their spread. Will this completely kill the organism?

A

Not always.

47
Q

What happens to a longstanding granulomatous infection?

A

A fibrosis forms around it

48
Q

What cell does a macrophage arise from?

A

Circulating blood monocytes

49
Q

What are four roles of macrophages?

A
  1. Ingest microbes and necrotic cellular debris
  2. Initiate tissue repair, which often results in fibrosis
  3. Secrete inflammatory mediators that promote inflammation
  4. Present antigens to the adaptive immune system
50
Q

What activates macrophages in the classical pathway?

A

Endotoxin
INF-gamma
Foreign material

51
Q

What activates macrophages in the alternative pathway?

A

IL-4

IL-13 (from T cells, eosinophils, mast cells)

52
Q

What do macrophages of the classical pathway produce?

A

Reactive oxygen species
Nitrous oxide
Lysozymal enzymes
Proinflammatory cytokines

53
Q

What do macrophages of the alternative pathway produce?

A

Growth factors:
New vessel growth
fibroblast activation

54
Q

What is the main functions of macrophages of the classical pathway?

A

Killing microbes

Chronic inflammation

55
Q

What is the main function of macrophages of the alternative pathway?

A

Tissue repair

Fibrosis

56
Q

Activation of lymphocytes is a function of adaptive or innate immune system?

A

Adaptive

57
Q

What does Th1 CD4+ T cells secrete?

A

IFN-gamma. This activates the classical pathway macrophages

58
Q

What do Th2 CD4+ T cells secrete?

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13
These activate the alternative pathway macrophages; also eosinophils

59
Q

What do Th17 CD4+ T cells secrete?

A

IL-17 which eventuates recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes.

60
Q

What two inflammatory reactions are characterized by conspicuous eosinophils?

A
  1. Parasite infections- granules contain major basic protein which are toxic to parasites
  2. Allergic reactions mediated by IgE
61
Q

Are mast cells part of acute or chronic inflammation?

A

Both

62
Q

Name two inflammatory mediators that are released by mast cells.

A
  1. Histamine

2. Arachidonic acid

63
Q

What antibody coats mast cells?

A

IgE

64
Q

Leukocytes produce three inflammatory proteins that have a systemic effect. What are they?

A
  1. TNF
  2. IL-1
  3. IL-6
65
Q

What cell does IL-6 effect?

A

Liver hepatocytes

66
Q

What are three proteins that are produced in greater abundance in response to IL-6?

A
  1. C-reactive protein (CRP)
  2. Serum amyloid A (SAA)
  3. Fibrinogen
67
Q

What is the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA)?

A

They adhere to cell walls and may act as opsonins

68
Q

In the presence of fibrinogen what clinical test is effect?

A

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

69
Q

What is the mechanism for leukocytosis early in an inflammatory process?

A

Under the influence of TF and IL-1 more leukocytes are released from the bone marrow. May also see an increased number of immature white blood cells.

70
Q

What is the mechanism for leukocytosis after a prolonged inflammatory response?

A

Continued inflammation leads to increased production of colony stimulating factors (CSFs) that increase bone marrow production of leukocytes

71
Q

What type of infection is associated with neutrophilia?

A

Bacterial infections

72
Q

What type of infection is associated with lymphocytosis?

A

viral infections

73
Q

What type of infection is associated with eosinophilia?

A

Asthma or parasitic infections

74
Q

What type of infection is associated with leukopenia?

A

Specific infections, e.g. Typhoid fever

75
Q

Name some other physiologic effects during acute-phase reaction.

A

Tachycardia, hypertension, hypohidrosis, rigors, chills, anorexia, somnolence, malaise

Disease and Defense: Unit 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions