Cell Growth and Neoplasia Flashcards
What three types of tissues are normally found in adults?
- Non-dividing tissues
- Quiescent tissues
- Continuously dividing tissues
Hyperplasia and metaplasia may be associated with an increased risk of what?
Neoplasia
What are two examples of metaplasia?
- Columnar cells changing to squamous cells in the bronchus
2. Squamous cells changing to columnar cells (Barrett esophagus)
Define: neoplasia
Progressive, unchecked increase in cell number
True or False: neoplasia is generally pathologic and irreversible
True
What does tumor mean?
Swelling
What is the cell-autonomous and cell nonautonomous mechanisms/
Cell-autonomous- genes
Cell-nonautonomous- changes in micro and macroenvironment
Benign neoplasms vs. Malignant neoplasms
Benign neoplasms
- Do not invade or metastasize
- Cause injury largely by compression/ interference in function of adjacent structures
- Necrosis uncommon
- Well differentiated
- Slow growing
- Uniform
Malignant neoplasms
- Invade and metastasize
- “CANCER”
- Cause injury both by local tissue destruction and distant dissemination and tissue destruction
- Necrosis common
- Variable differentiation
- More turn over
- Not uniform
- Invade tissue
A classification ending with an -oma usually indicates the neoplasia is ________
benign
A classification ending with carcinoma, or sarcoma usually indicates the neoplasia is _______.
Malignant
What is the most common form of cancer?
Basal cell benign cancer
What are some non-genetic factors that influence cancer etiology?
Age Lifestyle/environment Occupational hazard Radiation Infection (HPV) Inflammation
Can cancer be heritable?
Yes. through mutations through oncogens and tumor suppressor genes.
Ex: Retinoblastoma
Do cancer cells change over time?
Yes, this is what can make them so hard to treat
What are the most common cancers?
Carcinomas
Define Dyplasia
“Disordered growth”
In epithelia, hallmark of early premalignant neoplasia
Characteristic histologic features
Loss of cytologic uniformity
Loss of normal histologic maturation
Loss of architectural orientation
Usually assigned histologic “grade” (low versus high; marked/extensive dysplasia = “carcinoma in-situ”)
Define histologic grade
Degree of tumor histogoic differentiation
What does a low grade mean?
more differentiation/ greater resemblance to normal
What does a high grade mean?
Less differentiation/ less resemblance to normal
List the three parts of tumor staging.
Tumor (T)- How far has in invaded into the tissue
Lymph Node (N)
Distant metastasis (M)
