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Biology Unit 3 and 4 > Cell Sturcture 2 > Flashcards

Cell Sturcture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

It is surrounded by a double membrane. Its role is to protect and confine
the genetic information (DNA) of the cell. Inside the nucleus is a smaller
structure known as the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production.

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2
Q

Rough ER

A

A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are coated with
ribosomes on their outer surface. This allows them to synthesise and modify
proteins. It typically surrounds, or is close to, the nucleus

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3
Q

Smooth ER

A

A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are not coated
with ribosomes. They are responsible for the production of lipids in a cell.

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4
Q

Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes are tiny structures made of ribosomal RNA and proteins that
fold into a large and small subunit. Cells have many ribosomes, which either
float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to RER. Ribosomes assemble
polypeptide chains to create proteins.

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5
Q

Golgi Body

A

Stacked flattened sacs that are the site of protein sorting, packaging, and
modifying. Protein-filled vesicles often fuse with or bud off the Golgi body

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6
Q

Lysosome

A

A membrane-bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes. Is responsible
for breaking down cell waste, acting like a garbage disposal.

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7
Q

Mitochondrion

A

An organelle with a highly folded inner membrane surrounded by a second
outer membrane. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic cellular respiration
which produces the ATP required to power cellular processes. They also
contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

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8
Q

Chloroplast

A

A double membrane-bound organelle that contains flattened, fluid-filled
sacs that allow the process of photosynthesis to take place. Chloroplasts
also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

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9
Q

Vacuoles

A

A membrane-bound sac that is used for water and solute storage. It can also
play a role in maintaining plant cell structure.

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10
Q

Plasma membrane

A

a selectively permeable barrier between the
intracellular and the extracellular environment. It is made of a phospholipid
bilayer which is studded with many molecules.

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11
Q

Cell wall

A

A sturdy border of cellulose outside the plasma membrane that provides strength and
structure to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells.

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12
Q

Vesicle

A

A small membrane-bound sac that transports substances into or out of a
cell, or stores substances within a cell.

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13
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Maintains cell shape
Assists in movement of materials
in cell and movement of cel

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14
Q

Cilium

A

Small hair-like structures on the outside of the plasma membrane that
perform a rhythmic waving to help move substances through tubes, such
as clearing mucus and dirt from airways. Also involved in locomotion in
eukaryotic single-celled organisms.

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15
Q

Flagella

A

A tail-like structure that attaches to the side of the cell body and is used for
locomotion on single-celled organisms.

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16
Q

Difference between cytosol and cytoplasm

A

Cytosol – fluid

Cytoplasm – fluid & organelles (not including nucleus)

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17
Q

Organelles

A

mini organs in cell with specialized functions, they are membrane bound except ribosomes and
found in prokaryotes & eukaryote

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18
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Monera & Bacteria
- lack membrane bound organelles
- no nuclear membrane – has a nucleoid (an
irregular shaped region which contains genetic
material)
- just one circular chromosome
- replicate via binary fission (asexual
reproduction where a single entity divides into
two or more parts)
- has a cell wall and cell membrane
May have photosynthetic pigment, flagella & plasmids

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19
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Plantae, animalia, fungi & protists

  • Contain membrane bound organelles
  • Divide via mitosis
  • Distinct double-layered nuclear membrane
  • Has many linear chromosomes
20
Q

Polar

A
  • Molecule with both a positive and negative end.

- Tends to be hydrophilic

21
Q

Non Polar

A
  • Molecule without a clearly positive or negative end

- Tends to be hydrophobic

22
Q

Hydrophilic

A
  • attached to and dissolve in water
23
Q

Hydrophobic

A
  • repel from and is insoluble in water
24
Q

Monomer

A

molecule that forms the smallest basic unit of a polymer

25
Q

Polymer

A

Large molecule that is made of small, repeated monomer subunits

26
Q

Carbohydrates (Contains and Functions )

A
  • Contains C,H,O

- Energy storage, component in DNA, RNA and ATP and helps with structure

27
Q

Proteins (Contains and Functions )

A
  • Contains C,H,O,N,S

- Muscle movement, Cell membrane transport, signaling, structure, enzymes, antibodies

28
Q

Nucleic acid (Contains and Functions )

A
  • Contains C,H,O
  • Stores genetic information
  • contains instruction for protein synthesis
29
Q

Lipid (Contains and Functions )

A
  • Contain C,H,O,N,P

- Energy storage, Signaling, Cell membrane structure and fluidity

30
Q

Carbohydrates( examples and monomer)

- Can you draw/ identify it?

A
  • M: Monosaccharides/ sugars

- E: Glucose, sucrose, starch, glycogen

31
Q

Protein( examples and monomer)

- Can you draw/ identify it?

A
  • M: Amino acids ( R group varies in each amino acids)

- E: Collagen, Elastin, Keratin, Amylase

32
Q 
Nucleic Acid ( examples and monomer) 
- Can you draw/ identify it?
A
  • M: Nucleotides

- E: DNA(Double helix molecule w/ backbone held by covalent bonds btw sugar and phosphate group) , RNA

33
Q

Lipid ( examples and monomer)

- Can you draw/ identify it?

A
  • M: Glycerol and fatty acids
  • E: Fats & Oil(long term energy storage molecule composed of glycerol and three fatty acid) , Waxes, Steroids ( lipid with four rings of carbon atoms)
34
Q

What are Proteins, Fibrous protein and globular proteins

A

Proteins: one or more
polypeptides coiled or
folded into a specific
shape

Fibrous proteins: cellular
structure

Globular Proteins :
enzymes and hormones

35
Q

All cells have ribosomes, Cytosol, plasma membrane and genetic material, what are their functions

A

Ribosomes – site of protein synthesis

Cytosol – fluid matrix that organelles are suspended into

Plasma Membrane – a double layer of phospholipids embedded with protein molecules, glycoproteins and
some short carbohydrate chains. It encloses cell contents, regulates movement of material into and out of cell and helps to maintain shape.

Genetic material – hereditary material > DNA & RNA

36
Q

Cell theory

A

and helps to maintain shape.

Genetic material – hereditary material > DNA & RNA

37
Q

Difference between organic and in organic molecules

A

Organic- Has carbons

Inorganic- no carbons ( H20, O2, CO2 and ions)

38
Q

Exergonic

A

a reaction that releases
energy, the products have less
energy than reactants

39
Q

Endergonic

A

 a reaction that stores
energy, the products have a greater
energy than reactants

40
Q

Anabolic

A

an endergonic reaction
where larger molecules are
formed from smaller molecules

41
Q

Catabolic

A

 an exergonic reaction
where larger molecules are broken
down into smaller molecules

42
Q

activation energy

A

 the energy

required to initiate a reaction

43
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate, a
high energy molecule that, when
broken down, provides energy for
cellular processes

44
Q

Why are cell small

A

d

45
Q

Why are prikaryotice cells more limited in the size they can attain

A

d

Biology Unit 3 and 4 (16 decks)

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