Cell Sturcture 2 Flashcards
Nucleus
It is surrounded by a double membrane. Its role is to protect and confine
the genetic information (DNA) of the cell. Inside the nucleus is a smaller
structure known as the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production.
Rough ER
A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are coated with
ribosomes on their outer surface. This allows them to synthesise and modify
proteins. It typically surrounds, or is close to, the nucleus
Smooth ER
A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are not coated
with ribosomes. They are responsible for the production of lipids in a cell.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are tiny structures made of ribosomal RNA and proteins that
fold into a large and small subunit. Cells have many ribosomes, which either
float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to RER. Ribosomes assemble
polypeptide chains to create proteins.
Golgi Body
Stacked flattened sacs that are the site of protein sorting, packaging, and
modifying. Protein-filled vesicles often fuse with or bud off the Golgi body
Lysosome
A membrane-bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes. Is responsible
for breaking down cell waste, acting like a garbage disposal.
Mitochondrion
An organelle with a highly folded inner membrane surrounded by a second
outer membrane. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic cellular respiration
which produces the ATP required to power cellular processes. They also
contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
Chloroplast
A double membrane-bound organelle that contains flattened, fluid-filled
sacs that allow the process of photosynthesis to take place. Chloroplasts
also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
Vacuoles
A membrane-bound sac that is used for water and solute storage. It can also
play a role in maintaining plant cell structure.
Plasma membrane
a selectively permeable barrier between the
intracellular and the extracellular environment. It is made of a phospholipid
bilayer which is studded with many molecules.
Cell wall
A sturdy border of cellulose outside the plasma membrane that provides strength and
structure to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells.
Vesicle
A small membrane-bound sac that transports substances into or out of a
cell, or stores substances within a cell.
Cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape
Assists in movement of materials
in cell and movement of cel
Cilium
Small hair-like structures on the outside of the plasma membrane that
perform a rhythmic waving to help move substances through tubes, such
as clearing mucus and dirt from airways. Also involved in locomotion in
eukaryotic single-celled organisms.
Flagella
A tail-like structure that attaches to the side of the cell body and is used for
locomotion on single-celled organisms.
Difference between cytosol and cytoplasm
Cytosol – fluid
Cytoplasm – fluid & organelles (not including nucleus)
Organelles
mini organs in cell with specialized functions, they are membrane bound except ribosomes and
found in prokaryotes & eukaryote
Prokaryotic cells
Monera & Bacteria
- lack membrane bound organelles
- no nuclear membrane – has a nucleoid (an
irregular shaped region which contains genetic
material)
- just one circular chromosome
- replicate via binary fission (asexual
reproduction where a single entity divides into
two or more parts)
- has a cell wall and cell membrane
May have photosynthetic pigment, flagella & plasmids
Eukaryotic cells
Plantae, animalia, fungi & protists
- Contain membrane bound organelles
- Divide via mitosis
- Distinct double-layered nuclear membrane
- Has many linear chromosomes
Polar
- Molecule with both a positive and negative end.
- Tends to be hydrophilic
Non Polar
- Molecule without a clearly positive or negative end
- Tends to be hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
- attached to and dissolve in water
Hydrophobic
- repel from and is insoluble in water
Monomer
molecule that forms the smallest basic unit of a polymer
Polymer
Large molecule that is made of small, repeated monomer subunits
Carbohydrates (Contains and Functions )
- Contains C,H,O
- Energy storage, component in DNA, RNA and ATP and helps with structure
Proteins (Contains and Functions )
- Contains C,H,O,N,S
- Muscle movement, Cell membrane transport, signaling, structure, enzymes, antibodies
Nucleic acid (Contains and Functions )
- Contains C,H,O
- Stores genetic information
- contains instruction for protein synthesis
Lipid (Contains and Functions )
- Contain C,H,O,N,P
- Energy storage, Signaling, Cell membrane structure and fluidity
Carbohydrates( examples and monomer)
- Can you draw/ identify it?
- M: Monosaccharides/ sugars
- E: Glucose, sucrose, starch, glycogen
Protein( examples and monomer)
- Can you draw/ identify it?
- M: Amino acids ( R group varies in each amino acids)
- E: Collagen, Elastin, Keratin, Amylase
Nucleic Acid ( examples and monomer) - Can you draw/ identify it?
- M: Nucleotides
- E: DNA(Double helix molecule w/ backbone held by covalent bonds btw sugar and phosphate group) , RNA
Lipid ( examples and monomer)
- Can you draw/ identify it?
- M: Glycerol and fatty acids
- E: Fats & Oil(long term energy storage molecule composed of glycerol and three fatty acid) , Waxes, Steroids ( lipid with four rings of carbon atoms)
What are Proteins, Fibrous protein and globular proteins
Proteins: one or more
polypeptides coiled or
folded into a specific
shape
Fibrous proteins: cellular
structure
Globular Proteins :
enzymes and hormones
All cells have ribosomes, Cytosol, plasma membrane and genetic material, what are their functions
Ribosomes – site of protein synthesis
Cytosol – fluid matrix that organelles are suspended into
Plasma Membrane – a double layer of phospholipids embedded with protein molecules, glycoproteins and
some short carbohydrate chains. It encloses cell contents, regulates movement of material into and out of cell and helps to maintain shape.
Genetic material – hereditary material > DNA & RNA
Cell theory
and helps to maintain shape.
Genetic material – hereditary material > DNA & RNA
Difference between organic and in organic molecules
Organic- Has carbons
Inorganic- no carbons ( H20, O2, CO2 and ions)
Exergonic
a reaction that releases
energy, the products have less
energy than reactants
Endergonic
a reaction that stores
energy, the products have a greater
energy than reactants
Anabolic
an endergonic reaction
where larger molecules are
formed from smaller molecules
Catabolic
an exergonic reaction
where larger molecules are broken
down into smaller molecules
activation energy
the energy
required to initiate a reaction
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, a
high energy molecule that, when
broken down, provides energy for
cellular processes
Why are cell small
d
Why are prikaryotice cells more limited in the size they can attain
d
