Cell Sturcture 2

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

It is surrounded by a double membrane. Its role is to protect and confine
the genetic information (DNA) of the cell. Inside the nucleus is a smaller
structure known as the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production.

Question 2

Rough ER

Answer 2

A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are coated with
ribosomes on their outer surface. This allows them to synthesise and modify
proteins. It typically surrounds, or is close to, the nucleus

Question 3

Smooth ER

Answer 3

A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are not coated
with ribosomes. They are responsible for the production of lipids in a cell.

Question 4

Ribosomes

Answer 4

Ribosomes are tiny structures made of ribosomal RNA and proteins that
fold into a large and small subunit. Cells have many ribosomes, which either
float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to RER. Ribosomes assemble
polypeptide chains to create proteins.

Question 5

Golgi Body

Answer 5

Stacked flattened sacs that are the site of protein sorting, packaging, and
modifying. Protein-filled vesicles often fuse with or bud off the Golgi body

Question 6

Lysosome

Answer 6

A membrane-bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes. Is responsible
for breaking down cell waste, acting like a garbage disposal.

Question 7

Mitochondrion

Answer 7

An organelle with a highly folded inner membrane surrounded by a second
outer membrane. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic cellular respiration
which produces the ATP required to power cellular processes. They also
contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

Question 8

Chloroplast

Answer 8

A double membrane-bound organelle that contains flattened, fluid-filled
sacs that allow the process of photosynthesis to take place. Chloroplasts
also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

Question 9

Vacuoles

Answer 9

A membrane-bound sac that is used for water and solute storage. It can also
play a role in maintaining plant cell structure.

Question 10

Plasma membrane

Answer 10

a selectively permeable barrier between the
intracellular and the extracellular environment. It is made of a phospholipid
bilayer which is studded with many molecules.

Question 11

Cell wall

Answer 11

A sturdy border of cellulose outside the plasma membrane that provides strength and
structure to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells.

Question 12

Vesicle

Answer 12

A small membrane-bound sac that transports substances into or out of a
cell, or stores substances within a cell.

Question 13

Cytoskeleton

Answer 13

Maintains cell shape
Assists in movement of materials
in cell and movement of cel

Question 14

Cilium

Answer 14

Small hair-like structures on the outside of the plasma membrane that
perform a rhythmic waving to help move substances through tubes, such
as clearing mucus and dirt from airways. Also involved in locomotion in
eukaryotic single-celled organisms.

Question 15

Flagella

Answer 15

A tail-like structure that attaches to the side of the cell body and is used for
locomotion on single-celled organisms.

Question 16

Difference between cytosol and cytoplasm

Answer 16

Cytosol – fluid

Cytoplasm – fluid & organelles (not including nucleus)

Question 17

Organelles

Answer 17

mini organs in cell with specialized functions, they are membrane bound except ribosomes and
found in prokaryotes & eukaryote

Question 18

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 18

Monera & Bacteria
- lack membrane bound organelles
- no nuclear membrane – has a nucleoid (an
irregular shaped region which contains genetic
material)
- just one circular chromosome
- replicate via binary fission (asexual
reproduction where a single entity divides into
two or more parts)
- has a cell wall and cell membrane
May have photosynthetic pigment, flagella & plasmids

Question 19

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 19

Plantae, animalia, fungi & protists

• Contain membrane bound organelles
• Divide via mitosis
• Distinct double-layered nuclear membrane
• Has many linear chromosomes

Question 20

Polar

Answer 20

• Molecule with both a positive and negative end.

- Tends to be hydrophilic

Question 21

Non Polar

Answer 21

• Molecule without a clearly positive or negative end

- Tends to be hydrophobic

Question 22

Hydrophilic

Answer 22

• attached to and dissolve in water

Question 23

Hydrophobic

Answer 23

• repel from and is insoluble in water

Question 24

Monomer

Answer 24

molecule that forms the smallest basic unit of a polymer

Question 25

Polymer

Answer 25

Large molecule that is made of small, repeated monomer subunits

Question 26

Carbohydrates (Contains and Functions )

Answer 26

- Contains C,H,O | - Energy storage, component in DNA, RNA and ATP and helps with structure

Question 27

Proteins (Contains and Functions )

Answer 27

- Contains C,H,O,N,S | - Muscle movement, Cell membrane transport, signaling, structure, enzymes, antibodies

Question 28

Nucleic acid (Contains and Functions )

Answer 28

- Contains C,H,O - Stores genetic information - contains instruction for protein synthesis

Question 29

Lipid (Contains and Functions )

Answer 29

- Contain C,H,O,N,P | - Energy storage, Signaling, Cell membrane structure and fluidity

Question 30

Carbohydrates( examples and monomer) | - Can you draw/ identify it?

Answer 30

- M: Monosaccharides/ sugars | - E: Glucose, sucrose, starch, glycogen

Question 31

Protein( examples and monomer) | - Can you draw/ identify it?

Answer 31

- M: Amino acids ( R group varies in each amino acids) | - E: Collagen, Elastin, Keratin, Amylase

Question 32

``` Nucleic Acid ( examples and monomer) - Can you draw/ identify it? ```

Answer 32

- M: Nucleotides | - E: DNA(Double helix molecule w/ backbone held by covalent bonds btw sugar and phosphate group) , RNA

Question 33

Lipid ( examples and monomer) | - Can you draw/ identify it?

Answer 33

- M: Glycerol and fatty acids - E: Fats & Oil(long term energy storage molecule composed of glycerol and three fatty acid) , Waxes, Steroids ( lipid with four rings of carbon atoms)

Question 34

What are Proteins, Fibrous protein and globular proteins

Answer 34

Proteins: one or more polypeptides coiled or folded into a specific shape Fibrous proteins: cellular structure Globular Proteins : enzymes and hormones

Question 35

All cells have ribosomes, Cytosol, plasma membrane and genetic material, what are their functions

Answer 35

Ribosomes – site of protein synthesis Cytosol – fluid matrix that organelles are suspended into Plasma Membrane – a double layer of phospholipids embedded with protein molecules, glycoproteins and some short carbohydrate chains. It encloses cell contents, regulates movement of material into and out of cell and helps to maintain shape. Genetic material – hereditary material > DNA & RNA

Question 36

Cell theory

Answer 36

and helps to maintain shape. | Genetic material – hereditary material > DNA & RNA

Question 37

Difference between organic and in organic molecules

Answer 37

Organic- Has carbons | Inorganic- no carbons ( H20, O2, CO2 and ions)

Question 38

Exergonic

Answer 38

a reaction that releases energy, the products have less energy than reactants

Question 39

Endergonic

Answer 39

 a reaction that stores energy, the products have a greater energy than reactants

Question 40

Anabolic

Answer 40

an endergonic reaction where larger molecules are formed from smaller molecules

Question 41

Catabolic

Answer 41

 an exergonic reaction where larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

Question 42

activation energy

Answer 42

 the energy | required to initiate a reaction

Question 43

ATP

Answer 43

adenosine triphosphate, a high energy molecule that, when broken down, provides energy for cellular processes

Question 44

Why are cell small

Answer 44

d

Question 45

Why are prikaryotice cells more limited in the size they can attain

Answer 45

d