Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology mine > Cell Structures > Flashcards

Cell Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell

A

Multicellular organisms with membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A single called organism with no membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does metabolism involve?

A

Synthesis and break down of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where do reactions take place in a cell?

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment?

A

But the cell surface membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe membranes

A

Selectively permeable and control movement of substances in and out of the cell and organelles
Act as a barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

Contains genetic information
Directs the synthesis of proteins
Controls metabolic activity- as the proteins are the enzymes necessary for metabolism
Normally biggest organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus

A

Double membrane- nuclear envelope
Nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores.
Dna very large so has to be transcribed by RNA
Contains chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are chromosomes made from and the processes?

A

Proteins called histones which form chromatin structures. These coil and condense, forming chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Area within the nucleus
Responsible for producing ribosomes
Composed of RNA and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a mitochondria?

A

Organelles that is the site of the final stages of respiration, where the energy is stored in bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the strict ur a mitochondria?

A

Double membrane
Inner membrane folded to form cristae and a fluid interior- matrix
Small amount of dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Membranous sacs that have storage and transport roles
Single membranes, with fluid inside
Used for transporting materials inside cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe lysosomes

A

Specialised vesicles that contain hydrolytic proteins.
Responsible for breaking down waste material in cells.
Break down pathogens by phagocytes in immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton?

A

Present throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotes.
Fibres that are necessary for the shape and stability of cell
Organelles held in place by cytoskeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the cytoskeleton consist of?

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are micro filaments?

A

Contractile fibres.
Formed by actin.
Responsible for cell movement and cell contraction in cytokinesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are micro tubules?

A

Globular tubular proteins polymerise to form these scaffold like structures
Determine cell shape.
Act as tracks for movement of organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are intermediate fibres?

A

Fibres that give mechanical strength.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Components of the cytoskeleton present on eukaryotes

Composed of microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens when two centrioles join together?

A

Form centrosome which is involved in organisation and assembly of spindle fibres during cell division.
Play a role in the flagella and cilia to position these structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the flagella

A

Used primarily to enable cells motility.
Sensory organelles to detect chemical changes in cells environment
Whip like
Extensions that protrude from some cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the cilia

A

Hair like
Extensions of a protruding cell
Can be mobile or stationary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe stationary cilia

A

Present on the surface of cells

Important function in sensory organs like the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the mobile cilia?

A

Beat in a rhythmic manner that creates a current causing fluid to move
Present in the trachea to move mucus out of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does cilium contain?

A

Two central microtubules surrounded by nine pairs of mictubules ‘wheel like’
Known as 9+2 arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is it important to synthesise proteins?

A

For internal use and for secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What organelles are involved in photosynthesis

A

Ribosomes
Rough ER
Golgi apparatus
Cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of membranes enclosed in flattened sacs called cisternae
Two types of ERP

30
Q

What are the two types of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth and rough

31
Q

Describe rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Ribosomes bound to surface and responsible for synthesis and transport of proteins

32
Q

Describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Responsible for lip and carbohydrate synthesis

33
Q

Describe ribosomes

A

Free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to rough ER
Not surrounded by membrane
Constructed of RNA molecules in the nucleolus
Site of photosynthesis

34
Q

What contains ribosomes?

A

Rough ER
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Prokaryote cells

35
Q

Describe Golgi apparatus

A

Compact structure formed of cisternae and doesn’t contain ribosomes
Modify and packages them into vesicles

36
Q

Describe the route of protein synthesis

A
  • begins in nucleus
  • mRNA codes for a protein- DNA template created
  • rRNA is transcribed into nucleolus and folds up to make ribosomes
  • these then attach to the ER, translate mRNA into proteins which are transported by cisternae.
  • membrane of ER buds off to form vesicles where the packages of proteins formed on ER travel to Golgi apparatus
  • this then modifies +packages them for specific destinations in or out the cell
  • some Golgi vesicles are lysosomes and contain enzymes- these break down old organelles, others move elsewhere by exocytosis
37
Q

How have prokaryotes adapted to their surroundings billions of years ago
What are they called

A

Could survive extreme heat, temperature and salinity

Extremophiles

38
Q

Prokaryotic cell doesn’t have a nucleus, what does it have instead?
Describe it

A

Circular DNA

Controls cells activity, contains a chromosome which is coiled to make compact

39
Q

Describe ribosomes in prokaryotes

A

Physically smaller

Small ribosomes- 70s

40
Q

Describe prokaryote cell wall

A

Made from peptidoglycan

From amino acids and sugars

41
Q

Describe a flagella in a prokaryote cell

A

Thinner and no 9+2 arrangement
Uses chemiosmosis not ATP
Attached to the membrane of bacterium and rotated by a molecular motor

42
Q

Describe how the prokaryote flagella attaches to the bacterium

A

By a basal body and rotated by a molecular motor.
Basal body attaches the filament compromising the flagellum to the cell surface membrane.
A molecular motor causes the hook to rotate giving the filament a whip like movement- propelling it

43
Q

What are the mesosomes job in the prokaryote cell

A

Synthesis of proteins

44
Q

Average diameter of a prokaryote cell

A

5um

45
Q

Average diameter of a eukaryote cell

A

40um

46
Q

Ribosomes diameter size in prokaryote cell

A

18nm

47
Q

Ribosomes diameter in a eukaryote cell

A

22nm

48
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to see separate entities in a cell

49
Q

What is magnification?

A

How many times larger the image is than the actual Size

50
Q

Resolution of a light microscope

A

50nm

51
Q

Resolution of a TEM

A

1nm

52
Q

What can you see using an electron microscope

A

A 3-d image

Detailed surface

53
Q

Function of nuclear pores

A

Allowed molecules to enter and leave the nucleus

54
Q

Two features that wouldn’t be visible using a medium power light microscope

A

Nuclear pores
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

55
Q

Advantage of using staining

A

Able to separate different structures to identify them

Increases contrast

56
Q

Role of chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis

57
Q

Why don’t single called organisms need specialised cells

A

Diffusion is enough
Large SA:VR
Small so doesn’t need a large demand

58
Q

Two processes inside cell that relays on cytoskeleton

A

Cytokinesis for chromosomes

RNA for proteins

59
Q

What is an extra cellular protein secreted out the cell

A

Enzymes

60
Q

Suggest on stage during secretion of proteins where energy is required

A

Transporting vesicles across the cell surface

61
Q

Role of the Golgi apparatus

A

To package and modify proteins
Make lysosomes
Recieve proteins from RER

62
Q

What are plant cells made from

A

cellulose

63
Q

Describe a plant cell wall

A

Made from cellulose
Freely permeable so substances can pass into them
Gives it its shape
Rigid for supporting shape

64
Q

What are vacuoles

A

Membrane lined sacs in cytoplasm containing sap.

Large vacuoles are important in holding the structure and its rigidness.

65
Q

What is the membrane of a vacuole called?

Describe it

A

Tonoplast

Selectively permeable, small molecules can get through

66
Q

What are chloroplasts

A

Organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis in plants.

67
Q

Where are chloroplasts found

A

Cells of the green parts of the plant like leaves.

68
Q

Describe chloroplasts structure

A

Double membrane
Fluid inside- storma
Internal network of membranes-thylakoids
Contains DNA and ribosomes

69
Q

How are chlorophyll pigments made

A

By the thylakoids joining to form granum, which are joined by membranes call lamellae. These grans contain chlorophyll pigment

70
Q

What is chlorophyll

A

Allows plant to absorb light

Gives the plant it’s pigment

Biology mine (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions