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Biology mine > Carbohydrates,lipids > Flashcards

Carbohydrates,lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

C, H, O

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2
Q

The general formula for carbohydrates

A

Cx(H20)y

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3
Q

Other names for carbohydrates

A

Saccharides, sugars

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4
Q

What is a single sugar unit called?

A

Monosaccharide’s

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5
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Ribose

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6
Q

Carbohydrates are the…

A

Source of all energy

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7
Q

Where does glucose come from?

A

Comes from the sun- plants photosynthesise

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8
Q

Formula for glucose

A

C6 H12 06

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9
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharide’s joined together

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10
Q

Example of a disaccharide?

A

Lactose, sucrose

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11
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

When 2 or more monosaccharide’s join together to form a polymer

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12
Q

Examples of a polyssccharide?

A

Glycogen, starch and cellulose

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13
Q

What are the main monomers of a biologically important large carbohydrate?

A

Glucose

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14
Q

Describe glucose?

A

Glucose is a monosaccharide built of six carbons therefore a hexose monosaccharide

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15
Q

Which way are the carbons numbered in a molecular structure diagram?

A

Clockwise

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16
Q

What is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

The OH group on carbon 1 is in the opposite position in beta, its been flipped

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17
Q

Glucose molecules are…. +- and soluble in….

A

Polar

water

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18
Q

Why are glucose molecules soluble in water and polar

A

This is from the hydrogen bonds that form in the OH group and water molecules.

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19
Q

Why is it important glucose dissolves in water?

A

It is able to dissolve in the cytosol and be transported to where it is needed

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20
Q

How do 2 glucose molecule join together

A

When the two alpha glucose molecules are side by side the two hydroxyl groups interact. This happens when bonds are broken and new bonds reform at carbons 1 and 4 on the glucose molecules- molecules now joined and created maltose

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21
Q

What is removed when two alpha glucose molecules join together?

A

Two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom are removed from the glucose monomers and join to form water.

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22
Q

What reaction takes place when two alpha glucoses join together?

A

condensation reaction as water is gained

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23
Q

What covalent bond is formed between two glucose molecules?

A

Glycosidic bond

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24
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Where a water molecule is formed from one of the products reactions

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25
Q

What glycosidic bond does two glucose molecules make?1

A

1,4 glycosidic bond

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26
Q

What is maltose an example of?

A

Disaccharide

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27
Q

Name some hexose monosaccharides?

A

Fructose

galactose

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28
Q

Describe fructose

A

Found in fruits, sweeter than glucose

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29
Q

what does

fructose+ glucose make

A

Sucrose- cane sugar

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30
Q

What does galactose +glucose make

A

Lactose

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31
Q

Where is lactose found?

A

In milk and milk products

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32
Q

Fructose, glucose and galactose

Sweetest to sweet

A

Fructose
Glucose
galactose

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33
Q

What are pentose monosaccharides

A

Sugars that contain 5 carbon atoms.

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34
Q

Name two important pentose sugars

A

Ribose in RNA nucleotides

Deoxyribose in DNA nucleotides

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35
Q

What is starch made up of?

A

Many alpha glucose molecules that are joined together by glycosidic bonds to form the polysaccharide- starch

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36
Q

Where is glucose made and what is it stored as?

A

In plants as starch

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37
Q

Name two polysaccharides found in starch?

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

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38
Q

Describe amylose

A

Formed by alpha glucose molecules joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bond
Long chains that twists to form a helix which is stablised by hydrogen bonds.
Therefore compact, less soluble

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39
Q

Describe Amylopectin

A

Made from a 1,4 glycosidic bond between alpha molecules but glycosidic bonds also seen on 1,6 carbons on two glucose molecules
Branching structure
insoluble

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40
Q

What is the energy storage molecule in starch?

A

Glycogen

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41
Q

Describe glycogen

A

Branches = more compact and less space is needed for storing it, which is important for mobile animals
compact
insoluble

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42
Q

What make glycogen compact?

A

The coiling of the polysaccharides

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43
Q

What benefit does glycogen have that speeds up adding or removal of molecules?

A

The free ends allows for molecules to be added, which speeds process up

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44
Q

Similarities of glycogen and amylopectin

A

Insoluble
branched
compact

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45
Q

What is glucose stored as in plants?

A

Starch

46
Q

What is glucose stored as in animals/fungi?

A

Glycogen

47
Q

Why do animals need glucose?

A

For respiration

48
Q

How is glucose released after it has been stored as starch?

A

Undergoes hydrolysis reactions

49
Q

What does hydrolysis require

A

Water

50
Q

Beta glucose molecules are unable to join. Whys this?

A

The 1 and 4 carbon are too far from eachother to react

51
Q

What do beta glucose molecules doso they can react?

A

Turns the alternative beta molecule upside down

52
Q

Limitation from 2 beta glucose molecules joining together?

A

They are unable to coil = form straight chain

53
Q

What straight chain does two beta glucose molecules make?

A

Cellulose

54
Q

What bonds do hydrogen bonds make when forming cellulose

A

Microfibrils

55
Q

What sugars are reducing sugars

A

Disaccharides and monosaccharide’s

56
Q

What does the term ‘reducing sugar’ mean?

A

Means it can donate electrons or reduce another chemical/molecule

57
Q

What chemical test is used for a reducing sugar?

A

Benedicts test

58
Q

How is the benedicts test carried out?

A
  • Place sample in boiling tube (grind if not liquid)
  • Add an equal amount of benedicts regeant
  • Heat mixture gently in boiling water for 5 minutes
  • if reducing sugar turns red
59
Q

How do reducing sugars react with benedicts regeant?

A

reducing sugars react with copper ions in the benedicts reagent.
addition of electrons to the blue Cu+ ions, reducing them to red Cu+ ions.

60
Q

What colour indicates a reducing sugar in the benedicts test?

A

Red precipitate

61
Q

What doesn’t react in the benedicts test?

A

reducing sugars- stays blue

62
Q

What is a common non reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose

63
Q

How do they get sucrose to be able to undergoes the benedicts test?

A

boil with hydrochloric acid and then warmed with benedicts solution. This is because the sucrose has been hydrolysed by the acid to glucose and fructose- which are reducing sugars

64
Q

What is the iodine test for?

A

Starch

65
Q

How do you carry the iodine test out?

A

Add a few drops of iodine, dissolved in potassium iodide solution= mixed with a sample. If solution changes the colour from yellow to purple, starch is present.

66
Q

What colour does the solution change in the iodine test if theres starch

A

From yellow to purple

67
Q

What are reagent strips used for?

A

testing for the presence of reducing sugars

68
Q

Benefits of using reagent strips?

A

Also see concentration of sample from the colour coded chart

69
Q

What is a colorimeter?

A

piece of equipment that quantitatively measures the absorbance of light by a coloured solution. The more concentrated the solution the less light will be transmitted

70
Q

How is a colorimeter experiment carried out?

A
  • Filter placed in colorimeter
  • calibrated with water
  • Benedicts test carried out
  • resulting solutions filtered to remove precipitate
  • % of each solution of glucose measured using the colorimeter
  • Calibration curve plotted
71
Q

What are biosensors?

A

use biological components to determine the presence and concentration of molecules like glucose

72
Q

What is a lipid?

A

Molecules containing C,H,O

Fats and oils

73
Q

Describe a lipids polarity?

A

Non-polar molecules as the electrons on the outer shell that form the bonds are more evenly distributed than in polar molecules
Meaning there are no positive or negative areas

74
Q

By lipids being non polar, what does this affect?

A

Insoluble in water

75
Q

What are lipids also known as?

A

Macromolecules

76
Q

How is a triglyceride made?

A

Combining a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids

77
Q

What is a glycerol?

A

member of the group- alcohols

78
Q

What group do fatty acids belong to?

A

Carboxylic acids, consisting of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain

79
Q

Explain the reaction within a triglyceride

A

The hydroxyl group react,forming three water molecules and bonds between the fatty acids and the glycerol molecule. known as ester bonds-esterification

80
Q

What bonds form between a glycerol and three fatty acids?

A

Ester bonds as esterification occurs

81
Q

What is needed to break down a triglyceride?

A

Three water molecules so hydrolysis reaction can take place

82
Q

What is a saturated fat

A

no double bonds present between carbon atoms

83
Q

Example of a saturated fat?

A

Fatty acid chains

84
Q

What is a unsaturated fat?

A

One or more double bond between carbon atoms

85
Q

What is a mono-unsaturated

A

Only one double bond present

86
Q

What is a polyunsaturated

A

More than one double bond present

87
Q

What happens to the molecule if it is unsaturated?

A

Kinks/bends therefore cant be compact

making it liquid

88
Q

What type of triglyceride do plants contain?

A

Unsaturated

89
Q

Benefits of unsaturated triglycerides

A

More healthy as normally in oils

90
Q

What are the disadvantages to saturated fats

A

lead to coronary heart disease

obesity

91
Q

What are phosopholipids?

A

Modified triglycerides

92
Q

What elements do phospholipids contain?

A

inorganic Phosphorus, C,H,O

93
Q

Where is the inorganic phosphate found in the phospholipid

A

cytoplasm

94
Q

Why are phospholipids soluble in water

A

As the phosphate ions have extra electrons therefore negatively charged = making it soluble

95
Q

2/3 fatty acid chains only appear in the phospholipid, what replaces one of the chains

A

Phosphate group

96
Q

Describe the structure of the phospholipid

A

Hydrophilic head

Hydrophobic tail

97
Q

How does a phospholipid react with water?

A

Form on rhe surface with the phosphate head in the water and the hydrophobic tail sticking out of the water- from this called surfactants

Also form a phospholipid bilayer-hydrophobic tail points in , protected from the water by the outer hydrophilic head.

98
Q

what is a sterol

A

A type of lipid

99
Q

What is the structure of a sterol?

A

Complex alcohol molecule
4 carbon rings structure with a hydroxyl group at one end.
dual hydro-philic/phobic characteristics

100
Q

Describe the polarity of a sterol

A

Hydroxyl group is polar, therefore hydrophilic

rest of the molecule hydrophobic

101
Q

Example of a sterol/

A

Cholesterol

102
Q

Where does the body manufacture cholesterol

A

Liver and intestines

103
Q

What is the role of cholesterol

A

Formation of cell membrane
becoming positioned between phospholipids with the hydroxyl group at the periphery of the membrane -adding stability to membrane and regulates the fluid by keep temperatures low

104
Q

What is manufactured by cholesterol

A

Vitamin D
Bile
Steroid hormones

105
Q

As lipids are non-polar, what are their biological roles?

A

Membrane formation
hormone formation
Electrical insulation
Waterproofing-e.g. birds feathers

106
Q

Lipids- triglycerides are good at what?

A

storing energy

107
Q

In terms of energy, where are lipids stored

A

Under the skin

108
Q

What are the advantages of lipids like triglycerides, being stored under the skin

A

thermal insulation
cushioning to protect vital organs
Buoyancy

109
Q

What test is use to identify lipids?

A

Emulsion test

110
Q

How is the emulsion test for lipids carried out?

A

Sample mixed with ethanol
mixed with water then shaken
If white emulsion forms on top= lipid present
if stays clear no lipid

Biology mine (6 decks)

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