Cell structures

Question 1

what are the macromolecules?

Answer 1

protein, DNA, Carbohydrates, Lipids

Question 2

what are the type of cell?

Answer 2

prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell

Question 3

• have no well defined nucleus and cell organelles
• smaller and simpler
• eubacteria, archaebacteria

Answer 3

Prokaryotic cell

Question 4

• have nucleus and cell organelles
• more complex
• plants, animals, fungi, protists

Answer 4

eukaryotic cells

Question 5

what are the cell theory?

Answer 5

1. All plants and animals are composed of cells.
2. Cell is the basic unit of life.
3. All cells arise by reproduction from previous
   cells

Question 6

Elements that are found in the cell

Answer 6

C, H, O, N

Question 7

what are the three regions of nucleus?

Answer 7

nuclear envelope
nucleolus
nucleoplasm

Question 8

control center of the cell
 Contains genetic material (DNA)

Answer 8

Nucleus

Question 9

a. Barrier of the nucleus
b. Consists of a double membrane
c. Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

Answer 9

Nuclear envelope (membrane)

Question 10

 Sites of ribosome assembly
 Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

Answer 10

Nucleolus

Question 11

 Perform certain functions such as supporting the chromatin material and nucleolus
 Providing rigidity to the nucleus. It is the site of synthesis of DNA, RNA and ribosomal subunits

Answer 11

Nucleoplasm

Question 12

 Composed of DNA and protein
 Present when the cell is not dividing
 Scattered throughout the nucleus
 Condenses to form chromosomes when
the cell divides

Answer 12

chromatin

Question 13

 Barrier for cell contents
 Double phospholipid layer
 Hydrophilic heads
 Hydrophobic tails
 Also contains proteins,
cholesterol, and glycoproteins

Answer 13

plasma membrane

Question 14

• functions to support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules
   Many cellular processes also occur in

Answer 14

Cytoplasm

Question 15

 Modifies, sort, and packages proteins
 Produces different types of packages
 Secretory vesicles
 Cell membrane components

Answer 15

Golgi apparatus

Question 16

 Contain enzymes produced by ribosomes
 Packaged by the Golgi apparatus
 Digest worn-out or non-usable material
within the cell

Answer 16

Lysosomes

Question 17

 Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
▪ Detoxify harmful substances
such as alcohol and
formaldehyde
▪ Break down free radicals (highly
reactive chemicals)
 Replicate by pinching in half

Answer 17

Peroxisomes

Question 18

 Network of protein structures that
extend throughout the cytoplasm
 Provides the cell with an internal
framework
 Three different types of elements
 Microfilaments (thinnest)
 Intermediate filaments
 Microtubules (thickest)

Answer 18

cytoskeleton

Question 19

three different types of cytoskeleton

Answer 19

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

Question 20

 Rod-shaped bodies made up of
microtubules
 Direct the formation of the mitotic
spindle during cell division

Answer 20

centrioles

Question 21

 The movement of substances into and out of the cell
 Cell membranes are selectively permeable
(some substances can pass through, but others cannot)

Answer 21

membrane transport

Question 22

what are the two methods of transport?

Answer 22

passive and active transport

Question 23

• No energy is required
• Must have a concentration gradient
• Movement is from high concentration to low concentration

Answer 23

passive transport

Question 24

• Cell must provide metabolic
  energy (ATP)
• Go against the concentration
  gradient
• From low concentration to high
  concentration

Answer 24

active transport

Question 25

 Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
 Movement is from high concentration to low
concentration, or down a concentration gradient

Answer 25

diffusion

Question 26

types of diffusion

Answer 26

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration

Question 27

 An unassisted process
 Solutes are lipid-soluble
materials or small enough to
pass through membrane pores

Answer 27

simple diffusion

Question 28

 Highly polar water molecules
easily cross the plasma
membrane through aquaporins

Answer 28

osmosis

Question 29

• Substances require a protein carrier
  for passive transport
• Transports lipid insoluble and large
  substances

Answer 29

facilitated diffusion

Question 30

• Water and solutes are forced through
  a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic
  pressure
• A pressure gradient must exist
• Solute-containing fluid is pushed from
  a high-pressure area to a lower
  pressure area

Answer 30

filtration

Question 31

Substances are transported that are unable to
pass by diffusion
 Substances may be too large
 Substances may not be able to dissolve in
the fat core of the membrane
 Substances may have to move against a
concentration gradient
 ATP is used for transport

Answer 31

active transport

Question 32

two common forms of active transport

Answer 32

active transport and vesicular transport

Question 33

two types of vesicular transport

Answer 33

exocytosis and endocytosis

Question 34

two types of endocytosis

Answer 34

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Question 35

 Moves materials out of the cell
 Material is carried in a membranous
vesicle
 Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
 Vesicle combines with plasma
membrane
 Material is emptied to the outside

Answer 35

exocytosis

Question 36

Extracellular substances are engulfed
by being enclosed in a membranous
vesicle

Answer 36

endocytosis

Question 37

cell eating: __________
cell drinking: __________

Answer 37

phagocytosis, pinocytosis