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Biology > cell structure & microscopy > Flashcards

cell structure & microscopy Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • surrounded by 2 membranes called a nuclear envelope
  • envelope contains nuclear pores
  • nucleus contains linear DNA
  • darker staining area called a nucleolus
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2
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

produces mRNA, tRNA and ribosome RNA- the pores allow them to leave the nucleus and into the cell
contains genetic material and codes

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3
Q

what is the structure of the ribosome?

A

free in the cytoplasm or attatched to the RER
made of RNA and proteins
80s in eukaryotic, 70s in prokaryotic

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4
Q

what is the function of the ribosome?

A

site of protein synthesis

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5
Q

what is the structure of the mitochondria?

A

2 membranes (envelope)
1-10 um in length
inner membrane is folded (cristae) for a larger SA
matrix contains lipids, ribosome and dna so it can produce its own proteins

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6
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

aerobic respiration (ATP)

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7
Q

what is the structure of the cell wall (plant cells) ?

A

rigid- made of cellulose embedded in a matrix
middle lamella thin layer boundry
algae ( cellulose) fungi (chilin)

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8
Q

what is the function of a cell wall (plant cells) ?

A

-provides mechanical strength
-prevents cell from bursting when water moves in
-freely permeable

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9
Q

what is the structure of the vacuole?

A
  • surrounded by a membrane called a tonoplast
  • vacuole is fluid filled
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10
Q

what is the function of the vacuole?

A
  • tonoplast controls the exchange of material between the vacuole+ cytoplasm
  • make cell turgid for support
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11
Q

what is the structure of the chloroplast?

A
  • surrounded by 2 layers of membrane (envelope)
  • stroma (jelly like substance)
  • membranes forming flattening sacks called thylakoid membranes- stacks=grana
  • small starch grains+ lipids in the stroma
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12
Q

what is the function of the chloroplast?

A

photosynthesis

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13
Q

what is the structure of the lysosome?

A
  • have a single membrane
  • contain hydrolyctic (digestive) enzymes- protease, lipase and lysozymes
  • size up to 1um
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14
Q

what is the function of the lysosome?

A
  • digest old cell organelles
  • hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells
  • release enzymes to the outside of the cell
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15
Q

what is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • formed in vesicles which bud off the rough ER
  • broken down at the other end to form golgi vesicles
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16
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • molecules ( proteins and lipids) are processed and sorted into golgi vesicles for transport
  • make lysosomes
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17
Q

what is the structure of the endoplastic reticulum?

A

membrane organelle
can have ribosomes attatched ( RER)

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18
Q

what is the function of the endoplastic reticulum?

A

RER- provides a large surface area for synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins- then transports them through the cell
makes golgi apparatus
SER- synthesises proteins, stores+ transports lipids and carbohydrates

19
Q

what is the structure of the cell surface membrane?

A

7nm thick
plasma membrane

20
Q

what is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

partially permeable which controls exchange between the cell and the environment

21
Q

what is the division of labour?

A

how proteins are made, packaged and transported throughout the cell

22
Q

what are the steps for the division of labour?

A

1) DNA in the nucleus contain instructions to make proteins
2) Protein synthesis in the ribosome
3) Protein transported through RER
4) Protein molecules are pinched off in vesicles and are transported towards the golgi apparatus
5) Vesicles fuses with golgi apparatus
6) Golgi apparatus process and packages protein ready to release
7) Protein molecules are then pinched off in vesicles from ga and transported towards the plasma membrane
8) Vesicle fuse with plasma membrane
9) Protein leaves cell by exocytosis

23
Q

what is the function of a sperm cell?

A

delivers genetic material to the female gamete

24
Q

what are the adaptations of a sperm cell?

A

-haploid genome to combine with female dna
- many mitochondria for energy
-undulipodium acts as a tail to propell cell
- acrosome in the head is filled with digestive enzymes to break down layer of the egg

25
Q

what is the function of the egg (ovum) cell?

A

receives dna from sperm and provides nutrients to developing embyro

26
Q

what are the adaptations of an egg cell?

A
  • haploid genome to combine with male dna
  • zona pellucida contains glycoproteins to draw in sperm cells
  • corona radiata is a protein heavy layer that provides nutrients for the embryo
27
Q

what is the function of the red blood cell?

A

transport of oxygen in the blood

28
Q

what is the adaptations of the red blood cell?

A

-bioncave shape for small sa:v ratio
- flexible to fit in tiny capillaries
- no nucleus or organelles so it can be filled with haemoglobin

29
Q

what is the function of the white blood cell?

A

central role in the immune system

30
Q

what is the adaptations of the white blood cell?

A

neutrophils- contain many lysosomes in the cytoplasm to digest pathogens+ multilobed nuclei to fit in small spaces
lymphocytes- contain many ribosomes due to their role in producing antibodies/toxins
phagocytes- have a cytoskeleton that can change shape of membrane for capturing foreign bodies

31
Q

what is the function of a paliside cell?

A

responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells

32
Q

what are the adaptations of paliside cells?

A
  • high density of chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis
  • large vacuole+ cell wall high in cellulose to tax in large volume of water for photosynthesis and support
33
Q

what is the function of root hair cells?

A

cells in a plant root responsible for absorption of water and ions

34
Q

what is the adaptations of root hair cells?

A
  • long extension that increases surface area to maximise absorption
  • thin cell walls to reduce diffusion distance
  • vacuole filled with sap lowers water potential to encourage osmosis ( down a conc gradient)
35
Q

what structures are ALWAYS present in a prokaryotic cell?

A

circular dna, cell wall, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell surface membrane

36
Q

what structures are SOMETIMES present in a prokaryotic cell?

A

capsule, mesosome, flagellum, pili, plasmid, infolding plasma membrane

37
Q

what is the function of a mesosome?

A

infolding of the plasma membrane, may have enzymes on for respiration, large surface area for enzymes

38
Q

what is the function of a pili?

A

for attatchment to other cell surfaces for sexual reproduction- can supply genetic material for antibiotic resistant bacteria

39
Q

what is the function of a cell wall?

A

made of murein for structure

40
Q

what is the function of the flagellum?

A

tail used for locomotion

41
Q

what is the function of the capsule?

A

mucus layer of slime, protects the cell and ensures it doesnt dry out

42
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

barrier- diffusion for some substances

43
Q

what is the function of the circular dna?

A

contains most of the genetic material

44
Q

what is the function of the plasmid?

A

contains SOME genetic material for reproduction

Biology (7 decks)

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