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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Cell Structure, Growth & Development, and Function (Ch. 5-7) > Flashcards

Cell Structure, Growth & Development, and Function (Ch. 5-7) Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

The smallest living unit of matter that makes up all living things

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Central, spherical double-membrane container

Contains DNA; Controls all the other functions of the cell

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3
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of canals and sacs extending from the nucleus

Folds and synthesizes proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus

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4
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stack of flattened sacs surrounded by vesicles

“Post Office” - Processes and packages molecules for export or use within the cell

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Small membrane capsule containing a highly folded membrane embedded with enzymes

“Power plant” - breaks down molecules to make ATP for the cell to use for energy

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6
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful substances in the cell; found in the liver and kidneys

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7
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain digestive enzymes that break down defective cell parts; can kill lots of things at a time

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8
Q

Proteasomes

A

Destroys misfolded proteins; one at a time

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make proteins

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10
Q

Vesicles

A

Transport molecules throughout the cell

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11
Q

Centrosome

A

Part of the cytoskeleton that has two cylindrical groups of microtubules called “centrioles”

Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC); make and organize microtubules

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12
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Support the framework of the cell and help the cell move; made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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13
Q

Microfilaments

A

Smallest cell fibers; “cell muscles”; help cells contract and move

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14
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Thicker than microfilaments; supporting framework

They keep the organelles in place; There are a lot of them in cells that move a lot (epithelial)

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15
Q

Microtubules

A

“Cell roads”; thickest cell fibers; tunnels to transport molecules around in the cell

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16
Q

4 functions of the cell membrane

A

1) Transport
2) Identification
3) Signaling
4) Connection

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17
Q

Cytosol

A

The watery liquid inside cells

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18
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny fingerlike projections found in epithelial cells in intestines; help absorption

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19
Q

Cilia

A

Move things outside the cell surface

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20
Q

Flagella

A

Longest cell extension; make the cell move; only in sperm

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21
Q

Desmosomes

A

Connect cells together like velcro, or like a belt all the way around

22
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Channels that connect cell membranes and let molecules float freely from cell to cell

23
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Tighly fused cell membranes that don’t let molecules through; intestine lining

24
Q

Passive Transport

A

Does NOT require energy; goes from high to low concentration gradient

25
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires Energy; low to high concentration gradient

26
Q

Is dialysis passive or active transport?

A

Passive, because it breaks down bigger molecules into smaller ones, and removes the extras

27
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The amount of pressure that is moving water into a solution by osmosis; measure of how much the water wants to move to make everything even.

Bigger solute concentration = water wants to move more to even it out = higher osmotic pressure

28
Q

What do Hypotonic solutions do to cells?

A

Because the inside of the cell is more salty than the solution, the cell fills with water to make it even, and can explode (lyse).

hypOtonic

29
Q

What do Hypertonic solutions do to cells?

A

They make the cell shrivel up because water goes out of the cell to the surrounding salty solution to make it even.

30
Q

2 steps of protein synthesis

A

1) Transcription - making a copy of the DNA molecule (mRNA); happens in the nucleus
2) Translation - Ribosome interprets the RNA and make the right amino acids for that protein; happens in the cytoplasm

31
Q

List the 4 steps of Mitosis

A

1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase

32
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A
  • Nuclear envelope falls apart
  • Chromosomes form
  • Centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
33
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator

34
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A
  • Chromosome pairs split in half
  • Chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
35
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A
  • Nuclear envelope reforms
  • Chromosomes get longer and change back into chromatin
  • Cell goes back to normal
36
Q

diploid number

A

46 chromosomes in pairs

37
Q

haploid number

A

half of a set of chromosomes; 23 (one of each)

38
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

A

MItosis makes a copy of MY cells. Makes two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell (46 chromosomes - 23 pairs).

MEiosis makes a mini ME. Only happens in reproductive cells. Makes 4 daughter cells that are haploid gamates. Each has only half a set of chromosomes.

39
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Plasma membrane traps extracellular material so it can enter the cell.

40
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Process by which large molecules leave the cell.

41
Q

What structures in the cell contain DNA?

A

Nucleus and mitochondria

42
Q

What are microglia? What do they do?

A

Special types of macrophages that help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue cells in the brain.

43
Q

What happens when the centrosome of a cell is damaged?

A
44
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

“Cell movement”; cell starts to split in half

45
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid; blueprint for the body

46
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of materials across a semi-permeable membrane.

47
Q

What is filtration?

A

Water solutes move through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure.

48
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

49
Q

What happens in each phase of cell reproduction?
1) G1 phase
2) S phase (Interphase)
3) G2 phase
4) M phase

A

1) Starts to duplicate organelles
2) Cell prepares for reproducing itself, replication of DNA, growth of cytoplasm
- Between stages
- Longest phase of cell cycle
3) Growth continues
4) Cytokinesis
- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

50
Q

What is active transport? Examples?

A

Type of transport that moves materials against the concentration gradient, from low to high. Requires energy.
- Sodium-potassium pump
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Phagocytosis

51
Q

What is passive transport? Examples?

A

Type of transport that moves materials down the concentration gradient, from high to low. Does NOT require energy.
- Filtration
- Diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis
- Dialysis

52
Q

Where are the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system located in the cell?

A

Mitochondria

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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