Cell Structure & Function

Question 1

Who were the pioneers of cell biology?

Answer 1

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Hooke
Rudolf Virchow
Schleiden
Schwan

Question 2

What did Leeuwenhoek do?

Answer 2

first microscope - poop guy

Question 3

What did Hooke do?

Answer 3

nemed “cells” - cork guy

Question 4

What did Virchow do?

Answer 4

cells come from living stuff - living guy

Question 5

What did Schleiden do?

Answer 5

all animals are made up of cells - animal guy

Question 6

What did Schwan do?

Answer 6

all plants are made up of cells - plant guy

Question 7

Cell theory:

Answer 7

• All living things are made up of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of function and structure in living things
• cells come from other cells

Question 8

Who made the cell theory?

Answer 8

Schleiden and Schwan

Question 9

Cell membrane is made up of what?

Answer 9

Phospholipids

Question 10

Phospholipids are made up of what? What are the properties of these things?

Answer 10

Phosphate head
- polar
- hydrophilic
Fatty Acid tails
- non-polar
- hydrophobic

Question 11

Fluid Mosaic Model says what?

Answer 11

idea that the cell membrane is a fluid, shifting bilayer containg cholestorol and proteins.

Question 12

What are the three types of Membrane Proteins? (proteins in membrane)

Answer 12

transport proteins
marker proteins
receptor proteins

Question 13

Nucleus is found in what cells?

Answer 13

all cells but bacteria

Question 14

What does the nucleus do?

Answer 14

• control protein production
• holds chromatin/DNA
• packs chromatin into chromasomes before cell division

Question 15

What surrounds the nucleus?

Answer 15

nuclear envelope

Question 16

What is the function of nuclear pores?

Answer 16

transport for RNA

Question 17

What happens in the nucleolus?

Answer 17

where an assembly of ribosomes start.

Question 18

What do Eukaryotes have that Prokaryotes do not?

Answer 18

a nucleus

Question 19

How long ago did Proks and Euks evolve?

Answer 19

P: 3.7 bya
E: 1.5 bya

Question 20

if proks are bacteria, what are euks?

Answer 20

plants, animals, fungi

Question 21

What is cytosol?

Answer 21

jelly-like fluid that everything floats in

Question 22

What is cytoskeleton made of?

Answer 22

protein fibers

Question 23

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 23

move and change the shape of the cell

Question 24

What are the two key parts of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 24

Microtubules and Microfilaments

Question 25

What is the purpose of the microtubules?

Answer 25

they are tracks in which cell parts move on bundle to from cilia and flagella

Question 26

What is the purpose of microfilaments?

Answer 26

frames that support the cell change the cell shape

Question 27

What are organelles?

Answer 27

specialized structures in the cytoplasm

Question 28

What do ribosomes do?

Answer 28

produce proteins; read RNA for "instructions" on making proteins

Question 29

What is the Endomembrane System?

Answer 29

a system of membrane-bound organelles

Question 30

What does the Endomembrane System do?

Answer 30

provides a surface for making lipids, proteins, and carbs package, mark, and move proteins in and out of cells

Question 31

What is the Endomembrane System composed of?

Answer 31

GLVEST golgi lysosome vacuole ER sectretory vesicle transport vesicle

Question 32

Golgi Apparattus is in charge of what?

Answer 32

shipping

Question 33

What is the Golgi Apparattus?

Answer 33

a stack of membranes mark something with molecules, sent to a destination inside or outside the cell

Question 34

What is the path that the Golgi sends molecules through?

Answer 34

PRDREG dna rna pores ribosomes ER golgi

Question 35

Vacuole is in charge of what?

Answer 35

storage

Question 36

Plants are just one large ______ for holding water.

Answer 36

vacuole

Question 37

Lysosome is in charge of what?

Answer 37

waste and disposal

Question 38

What's special about Lysosomes

Answer 38

only in animal cells

Question 39

What is the main function of the Mitochondria?

Answer 39

releasing/generating enrgy from cell food (cell respiration)

Question 40

3 facts about the Mitochondria are:

Answer 40

it is double membraned it had its own DNA and Ribosomes it is inherited from the mother

Question 41

Mitochondria is in charge of what?

Answer 41

creating fues/energy

Question 42

Chloroplasts are only in ______

Answer 42

plants

Question 43

Chloroplasts closely relate to ______

Answer 43

Mitochondria

Question 44

Cell walls are specific to which cell types?

Answer 44

plants, fungi, bacteria

Question 45

What are the three properties of the cell wall?

Answer 45

- made of cellulose - lies outside the cell membrane - restricts the cells motion

Question 46

Who developed the Endosymbiotic Theory?

Answer 46

Lynn Margulis

Question 47

How did the relationship of mitochondria and cloroplasts first develope? (independently, not between eachother)

Answer 47

prokaryotes that were free living one cell that was good at endocytosis + one cell that was good at cellular respiration endocytosis cell "eats" cell res cell, make babies, here we are

Question 48

What is endocytosis

Answer 48

the process by which a cell engulfs another cell by moving the cell membrane around it

Question 49

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 49

getting energy from breaking down sugars

Question 50

What evidence can be used to support the Endosymbiotic Theory?

Answer 50

Mitochondria + Choloroplasts... - are double membraned - have their own DNA - have their own ribosomes - reproduce independantly of the cell essentialy, most of the functions are independent of the cell.

Question 51

What is diffusion? What particular motion, in terms of concentration, is associated with diffusion?

Answer 51

- dispersion of molecules in random motion - particles will move from high concentration to low contration

Question 52

What is Osmosis? When does it occur?

Answer 52

- diffusion of water accross a selectively permeable membrane - when certain molecules are stuck on one side of the membrane

Question 53

What is the solution type where water exits the membrane? When it enters? Neither/both?

Answer 53

exiting: hypertonic entering: hypotonic neither/both: isotonic

Question 54

active transport. describe it. go.

Answer 54

possible answers (try to get them all) - requires energy, typically in the form of ATP - allows particles to move against the laws of diffusion - low > high if needed examples include: - bulk transport (exo/endocytosis) - Sodium-Potassium pump

Question 55

What is the function of a Na+K+ pump?

Answer 55

uses ATP to remove three Na+ ions from the cell and adopt two K+ from outside the cell *this process is essential for MUSCLE AND NERVE fucntions*

Question 56

passive transport. describe it. go.

Answer 56

possible answers (try to get them all) - does not require energy - follows diffusion laws - uses channel proteins to activate diffusion of large molecules

Question 57

What are receptor proteins?

Answer 57

proteins that cause change in a cell when bonded to a specific molecule

Question 58

What are transport proteins?

Answer 58

proteins that allow molecules accross the membrane, used in Na+K+

Question 59

What are marker proteins?

Answer 59

proteins that allow cells to organize other cells - like an immune system. often have carb chains hanging off

Question 60

What effects do Sodium-Potassium pumps have on the cell?

Answer 60

- uses energy (ATP) - pumps out Sodium, takes in Potassium - keeps cell negatively charged