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Honors Biology - Sandro > Cell Structure & Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure & Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were the pioneers of cell biology?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Hooke
Rudolf Virchow
Schleiden
Schwan

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2
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek do?

A

first microscope - poop guy

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3
Q

What did Hooke do?

A

nemed “cells” - cork guy

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4
Q

What did Virchow do?

A

cells come from living stuff - living guy

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5
Q

What did Schleiden do?

A

all animals are made up of cells - animal guy

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6
Q

What did Schwan do?

A

all plants are made up of cells - plant guy

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7
Q

Cell theory:

A
  • All living things are made up of cells
  • Cells are the basic unit of function and structure in living things
  • cells come from other cells
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8
Q

Who made the cell theory?

A

Schleiden and Schwan

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9
Q

Cell membrane is made up of what?

A

Phospholipids

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10
Q

Phospholipids are made up of what? What are the properties of these things?

A

Phosphate head
- polar
- hydrophilic
Fatty Acid tails
- non-polar
- hydrophobic

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11
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model says what?

A

idea that the cell membrane is a fluid, shifting bilayer containg cholestorol and proteins.

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12
Q

What are the three types of Membrane Proteins? (proteins in membrane)

A

transport proteins
marker proteins
receptor proteins

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13
Q

Nucleus is found in what cells?

A

all cells but bacteria

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14
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A
  • control protein production
  • holds chromatin/DNA
  • packs chromatin into chromasomes before cell division
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15
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

nuclear envelope

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16
Q

What is the function of nuclear pores?

A

transport for RNA

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17
Q

What happens in the nucleolus?

A

where an assembly of ribosomes start.

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18
Q

What do Eukaryotes have that Prokaryotes do not?

A

a nucleus

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19
Q

How long ago did Proks and Euks evolve?

A

P: 3.7 bya
E: 1.5 bya

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20
Q

if proks are bacteria, what are euks?

A

plants, animals, fungi

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21
Q

What is cytosol?

A

jelly-like fluid that everything floats in

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22
Q

What is cytoskeleton made of?

A

protein fibers

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23
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

move and change the shape of the cell

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24
Q

What are the two key parts of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules and Microfilaments

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25
Q

What is the purpose of the microtubules?

A

they are tracks in which cell parts move on
bundle to from cilia and flagella

26
Q

What is the purpose of microfilaments?

A

frames that support the cell
change the cell shape

27
Q

What are organelles?

A

specialized structures in the cytoplasm

28
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

produce proteins; read RNA for “instructions” on making proteins

29
Q

What is the Endomembrane System?

A

a system of membrane-bound organelles

30
Q

What does the Endomembrane System do?

A

provides a surface for making lipids, proteins, and carbs

package, mark, and move proteins in and out of cells

31
Q

What is the Endomembrane System composed of?

A

GLVEST
golgi
lysosome
vacuole
ER
sectretory vesicle
transport vesicle

32
Q

Golgi Apparattus is in charge of what?

A

shipping

33
Q

What is the Golgi Apparattus?

A

a stack of membranes

mark something with molecules, sent to a destination inside or outside the cell

34
Q

What is the path that the Golgi sends molecules through?

A

PRDREG
dna
rna
pores
ribosomes
ER
golgi

35
Q

Vacuole is in charge of what?

A

storage

36
Q

Plants are just one large ______ for holding water.

A

vacuole

37
Q

Lysosome is in charge of what?

A

waste and disposal

38
Q

What’s special about Lysosomes

A

only in animal cells

39
Q

What is the main function of the Mitochondria?

A

releasing/generating enrgy from cell food (cell respiration)

40
Q

3 facts about the Mitochondria are:

A

it is double membraned
it had its own DNA and Ribosomes
it is inherited from the mother

41
Q

Mitochondria is in charge of what?

A

creating fues/energy

42
Q

Chloroplasts are only in ______

A

plants

43
Q

Chloroplasts closely relate to ______

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

Cell walls are specific to which cell types?

A

plants, fungi, bacteria

45
Q

What are the three properties of the cell wall?

A
  • made of cellulose
  • lies outside the cell membrane
  • restricts the cells motion
46
Q

Who developed the Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

Lynn Margulis

47
Q

How did the relationship of mitochondria and cloroplasts first develope? (independently, not between eachother)

A

prokaryotes that were free living

one cell that was good at endocytosis + one cell that was good at cellular respiration

endocytosis cell “eats” cell res cell, make babies, here we are

48
Q

What is endocytosis

A

the process by which a cell engulfs another cell by moving the cell membrane around it

49
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

getting energy from breaking down sugars

50
Q

What evidence can be used to support the Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

Mitochondria + Choloroplasts…
- are double membraned
- have their own DNA
- have their own ribosomes
- reproduce independantly of the cell

essentialy, most of the functions are independent of the cell.

51
Q

What is diffusion? What particular motion, in terms of concentration, is associated with diffusion?

A
  • dispersion of molecules in random motion
  • particles will move from high concentration to low contration
52
Q

What is Osmosis? When does it occur?

A
  • diffusion of water accross a selectively permeable membrane
  • when certain molecules are stuck on one side of the membrane
53
Q

What is the solution type where water exits the membrane? When it enters? Neither/both?

A

exiting: hypertonic
entering: hypotonic
neither/both: isotonic

54
Q

active transport. describe it. go.

A

possible answers (try to get them all)

  • requires energy, typically in the form of ATP
  • allows particles to move against the laws of diffusion
    - low > high if needed

examples include:
- bulk transport (exo/endocytosis)
- Sodium-Potassium pump

55
Q

What is the function of a Na+K+ pump?

A

uses ATP to remove three Na+ ions from the cell and adopt two K+ from outside the cell

this process is essential for MUSCLE AND NERVE fucntions

56
Q

passive transport. describe it. go.

A

possible answers (try to get them all)

  • does not require energy
  • follows diffusion laws
  • uses channel proteins to activate diffusion of large molecules
57
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

proteins that cause change in a cell when bonded to a specific molecule

58
Q

What are transport proteins?

A

proteins that allow molecules accross the membrane, used in Na+K+

59
Q

What are marker proteins?

A

proteins that allow cells to organize other cells - like an immune system.

often have carb chains hanging off

60
Q

What effects do Sodium-Potassium pumps have on the cell?

A
  • uses energy (ATP)
  • pumps out Sodium, takes in Potassium
  • keeps cell negatively charged

Honors Biology - Sandro (5 decks)

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