Cell Structure And The Function Of Life

Question 1

Compulsory parts in any cell?

Answer 1

Plasma membrane, genetic material, cytoplasm, ribosomes

Question 2

Which type of cell is the cell envelope present and it’s 3 layers

Answer 2

Prokaryotic cell; glycocalyx, cell wall, cell membrane

Question 3

Glycocalyx composition

Answer 3

Sugarcoat- slime layer (loose sheath) and capsule (thick and tough)

Question 4

Cell wall composition types

Answer 4

It is of 2 types: gram +ve and gram -ve
Gram positive has peptidoglycan as it is able to retain violet gram stain.
Gram negative has peptidoglycan and lipids as it is unable to retain gram stain (pink)

Question 5

What are mesosomes and their uses

Answer 5

Mesosomes are infoldings of the cell membrane which extends into the cytoplasm and forms vesicles, tubules, and lamellae.
Uses
- increase the surface area for enzymatic action
- DNA replication
- Cell division
- Secretion
- Respiration

Question 6

Flagella parts and uses

Answer 6

Basal body, hook, filament; arises from cell membrane and facilitates movement in motile bacteria

Question 7

Pili and fimbriae features and uses

Answer 7

Pili are elongated tubular structures made of protein. Performs a method of reproduction called congregation.
Fimbriae are small bristle like proteinaceous structures known to help attach some bacteria to rocks in streams and also to the host tissues.

Question 8

Plasmid features

Answer 8

Extra chromosomal circular DNA present outside the nucleoid in a bacterial cell, is self-replicating. Confers special phenotypic properties for ex antibiotic resistance

Question 9

Why does cell membrane have extensions glycolipid and glycoprotein

Answer 9

These act as markers to provide an identity and also to detect entry of unwanted materials

Question 10

Why do u think fluid mosaic model is the most accepted model of cell membrane

Answer 10

Bcoz it shows the quasifluid nature of the cell membrane which provides fluidity and lateral movement of proteins within the overall bilayer. Also important for cell growth, endocytosis, cell division, secretions, formation of intercellular junctions, etc.

Question 11

Types of transport

Answer 11

Active- low to high concentration gradient , energy used in the form of ATP, movement through integral proteins, Na+ and K+ ions.
Passive- high to low, no energy
diffusion: lipid bilayer, neutral solutes [O2 and CO2]
Osmosis: lipid bilayer, water molecules
Facilitated diffusion: proteins, polar molecules

Question 12

Layers of cell wall

Answer 12

1) primary wall- outermost layer, laid when cells are young
2)secondary cell- laid within primary wall
3) middle lamella- composed of calcium pectate which holds or glues the diff neighbouring cells tgt.

Question 13

RER AND SER difference

Answer 13

RER protein synthesis and contains ribosomes and SER lipid synthesis and does not contain ribosomes

Question 14

Golgi body parts and fucntions

Answer 14

Convex cis face towards the nucleus and concave trans face away from the nucleus, secretory organelle, imp site or glycoproteins and glycolipids and packages materials in the form of vesicles

Question 15

Digestive hydrolytic Enzymes which lysosomes contain

Answer 15

Protease, carbohydrase, lipase, nuclease

Question 16

Function of lysosomes

Answer 16

To digest worn out cells
To digest worn outorganelles
Get rid of pathogens

Question 17

Functions of plant vacuole

Answer 17

Maintains trugidity of cell
Maintains tonicity of the cell
Storage

Question 18

Pigments contained by chromo and chloroplast

Answer 18

Carotenoid, xanthophyll, chlorohyll

Question 19

Leucoplast types

Answer 19

Amyloplast stores starch, elaioplast stores oils, aleuroplast stores proteins

Question 20

Whatis cytoskeleton?

Answer 20

An elaborate network of filamentous proteinaceous structures consisting
of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments present in
the cytoplasm is collectively referred to as the cytoskeleton.

Question 21

Metacentric?

Answer 21

Centromereis exactly at the centre, equal arms

Question 22

Sub metacentric

Answer 22

Centromere is slightly away from the centre, slightly shorter arms andslibhtly longer arms on either ends

Question 23

Acrocentric

Answer 23

Centromere further located from the centre, resulting in unequal arms, very short arms at one end, very long arms at the other end

Question 24

Telocentric

Answer 24

Centromere pushed to the terminal end, resulting in very long arms on one end