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Biological classification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5 kingdoms?

A

monera, protista, plantae, animalia, fungi

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2
Q

who are the sole members of kingdom monera?

A

bacteria

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3
Q

who are the most abundant microorganisms?

A

bacteria

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4
Q

4 categories of bacteria

A

spherical coccus, rod-shaped bacillus, spirilla-spiral shaped, Vibrio-comma shaped

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5
Q

which bacteria live in the most harsh habitats + examples

A

archaebacteria; extreme salty areas (halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles), and marshy areas(methanogens).

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6
Q

how are archaebacteria protected in extreme conditions?

A

different cell wall structure from other bacteria

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7
Q

which bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen using which cells + examples

A

cyanobacteria (under eubacteria) can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells got ‘heterocysts’ for eg: nostoc and anabaena

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8
Q

how do bacteria mainly reproduce and under unfavourable conditions; do they reproduce sexually?

A
  • mainly by fission
  • unfavourable conditions-they produce spores
  • sexual reproduction-adoptiing a primitive type of DNA transfer
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9
Q

smallest living cells known?

A

Mycloplasma, completely lack cell wall, can survive without oxygen; many mycoplasma are pathogenic in plants and animals i.e., they are pplo

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10
Q

how are eubacteria characterized? what are they also known as?

A

they are aka ‘true bacteria’ and they’re characterized by a rigid cell wall and if motile, a flagellum

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11
Q

Features of kingdom protista

A
  • comprises of all unicellular eukaryotes
  • primarily aquatic
  • reproduce asexually and sexually using a process involving cell fusion and zygote formation.
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12
Q

Advantages of bacteria

A
  • curing of tea leaves
  • gut friendly bacteria for digestion
  • diary products eg: lactobacillus for curd
  • antibiotics
  • decomposition, recycling of nutrients
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13
Q

Disadvantages of bacteria

A
  • diseases- cholera, typhoid, tetanus, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, citrus canker, xantholomonas citrii.
  • spoilage of food
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14
Q

which type of organisms are under kingdom protista and name them + habitat. What is their mode of reproduction? and general features

A

all unicellular eukaryotes; chrysophytes, slime moulds, euglenoids, protozoans, dinoflagellates; are aquatic. They reproduce sexually and asexually by a process involving cell fusion and zygote formation. possess locomotory appendages, maybe autotrophic or heterotrophic.

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15
Q

which two organisms do chrysophytes include? what is their habitat/environment? other features?

A
  • golden algae (desmids)
  • diatoms
    marine and freshwater.
    most of them are photosynthetic and microscopic
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16
Q

what does golden algae contain?

A

FLUCOXANTHIN

17
Q

Features of diatoms

A

-2 identical halves facing each other or overlapping each other
-cell wall embedded with silica thus making it indestructible as a result of which their deposits accumulate over billions of years which is referred to as ‘diatomaceous earth’.
- show autotrophic nutrition
- ‘chief’ producers in the aquatic ecosystem and play a great role in evolution of oxygen.

18
Q

What is diatomaceous earth is used for?

A

Being gritty, the soil is used for filtration of oils and syrups, and in polishing.

19
Q

write about habitat, nutrition, colour, cell wall, phenomena

Dinoflagellates

A
  • Marine and photosynthetic
  • Appear yellow, red, green, blue, or brown depending on the main pigments of their cells.
  • The cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface.
  • Most of them have 2 flagellla-one lies longitudinally and the other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates.
  • Red tide is a phenoimenon which occurs when red dinoflagellates multiply in large numbers, producing neurotoxins which can kill other marine animals when ingested thus becoming ufnit for human consumption(eg:gonyaulax)
20
Q

example, nutrition, habitat, cell wall, flagella

Euglenoids

A
  • freshwater organisms found in stagnant water
  • lacks cell wall instead of which they have a proteinaceous layer called pellicle which makes them flexible.
  • Two flagella- short and long one
    -photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight but hetero when deprived of it, preying on smaller animals.
  • pigments are similar to that of higher plants.
  • eg: euglena
21
Q

Slime Moulds

A
  • saprophytic
  • habitat: cogs of wood, decaying twigs and leaves
  • under favourable conditions, they grow an aggregation called plasmodium spreading over several feet(multinucleated)
  • During unfavourable conditions, plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing pores at their tips which possess true walls and are extremely resistant and survive for years under adverse conditions.
  • The spores are disperesed by air currents under favourable ocnditions.
22
Q

Protozoans and their 4 major groups

A
  • heterotrophs
  • predators or parasites
  • believed to be primitive relatives of animals
  • Amoeboid, ciliated, sporozoan, flagellated
23
Q

Amoeboid

A
  • freshwater, sea water, or moist soil
  • put out pseudopodia to catch prey
  • Many have silica shells on their surface.
  • eg: Entamoeba-parasite
24
Q

Flagellated

A
  • possess flagella
  • either free living or parasitic
  • the parasitic ones cause diseases eg: trypanosoma (sleeping sickness)
25
Q

Ciliated

A
  • aquatic, actively moving organisms because of the presence of thousands of cilia
  • Possess a cavity (gullet) that opens to the outside of the cell surface.
  • eg: paramoecium
26
Q

Sporozoans

A
  • diverse organisms that include an infectious-spore like stage in their life cycle.
  • Most notorious is Plasmodium(malarial parasite, causes malaria).
27
Q

Viroid

A
  • smaller than viruses
  • caused potato spindle tuber disease
  • free RNA lacking capsid, RNA with low molecular weight
28
Q

prion

A

-proteinaceous infectious particle/abnormally folded protein
- diseases: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) mad cow disease; analogous variant-Cr-Jacob Disease in humans
- can cause neurodegneration-occurring sporadically /genetic mutation/from an infected source

29
Q

albugo

A

parasitic fungi on mustard-phycomycetes

30
Q

phycomycetes characteristics

A

*aquatic habitats, decaying wood in moist or damp places, or obligate parasites on plants.
*asexual reproduction-zoospores or aplanospores-endogenously produced in the sporangium
*aseptate and coenocytic mycelium
*isogamous or anisogamous or oogamous
eg: mucor, rhizopus, albugo

31
Q

Ascomycetes

A

*commonly known as sac-fungi
*mostly multicellular or rarely unicellular (yeast)
*Saprophytic, decomposers, parasites, or coprophilus(growing on dung)
*branched and septate mycelium
*asexual reproduction-conidospores-produced exogenously on special mycelium called conidiophores
*Sexual spores-ascospores-[rpduced endogenously in sac like asci-which are arranged in differrent types of fruiting bodies called ascocarps.

32
Q

Basidiomycetes

A

*no asexual spores and sex organs
*plasmogamy-fusdion of tweo vegetative or somatic cells
*dikaryon ultimately giving rise to basidia
*basidia undergo karyogamy and meiosis and exogenously produce four basidiospores
*basidia arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps
*vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common
*eg: puccinia, ustilago, agaricus

33
Q

deuteromycetes

A

*imperfect fungi-only asexual phases of the fungi are known
*once their sexual forms were discovered-moved to right classes
*reproduce only by asexual spores called conidia
*septate branched mycelium
*saprophytes, prasites-large number are decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling
eg: colletrichum, alternaria, trichoderma

34
Q

who gave the name virus and recxognized microbes as the cause in TMV,discovered they weerre smaller than bacteria as they passed through bacteria proof fdilters

A

pasteur d.j. ivanowsky

35
Q

who discovered the extract of infected plants cud infect healkthy plants and called it contagium vivum fluidum

A

M.W.Bejerin

36
Q

who shpowed that viruses could be crystallised and crystals consist largely of proteins

A

W.M. stanley

37
Q
A

Biology (13 decks)

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