Cell Structure And Taxonomy And Eukaryotic cell Structure Flashcards
The fundamental living unit of any organism. Inhibits the basic characteristic of life.
CELL
“Small room” in latin word
Cella
It is the smallest unit of life.
CELL
Building blocks of life
CELL
Refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the cells. Because of metabolism the cell can grow and reproduce.
METABOLISM
Makes up the genes of its chromosomes
DNA
Tiny organ like structure found in the more advanced single- celled organism.
ORGANELLES
Two types of cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
Less complex, simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus.
Prokaryotic Cells
More complex, containing a true nucleus and many membranes bound organelles
Eukaryotic Cells
Study of structure and functions of cell.
Cytology
“Eu”means
True
“Caryo” means
Nut / nuclues
Referred to as plasma, cytoplasmic or cellular membrane. enclosed the cell.
Cell membrane
It is a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the entire cell.
Cell Membrane
Control the function of entire cell and can be thought of as the command center of the cell. (cell’s information center)
Nucleus
Spherical and separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
Nucleus
It is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis (transcription) occur / houses the cell’s chromosomes.
Nucleus
3 components of Nucleus
Necleoplasm
Chromosomes
Nuclear membrane/ envelope
A type of protoplasm, a gelatinous matrix or base materials of the nucleus.
Nucleoplasm
Embedded or suspended in the nucleoplasm
Chromosomes
How many chromosomes have human.
46 chromosomes (23 pairs diploid cells)
Membrane that serves as a skin around the nucleus
Nuclear membrane
It contains holes (nuclear pores) through which large molecules can enter and exit the nucleus.
Nuclear membrane
Isolates and protects a cell’s DNA from various molecules that could accidentally damage its structure or interfere with its processing.
Nuclear Membrane
- Located along the DNA molecules
* Sometimes described as “beads on string”
GENES
The organism’s complete collection of genes.
Genotype/ genome
How many genomes have human?
20k to 25k genes
A dark (electron dense) area can be seen in the nucleus by using TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE.
Nucleolus
A specialized region within the nucleus where ribosome subunits are assembled.
Nucleolus
A type of protoplasm) a semisolid gelatinous nutrient matrix.
Cytoplasm
Where most of the cells metabollic reaction occur.
Cytoplasm
Semisolid portion of the cytoplasm, excluding the granules and organelles
Cytosol
A HIGHLY CONVULATED SYSTEM OF MEMBRANES THAT ARE INTERCONNECTED and arranged to form a transport network of tubules and flattened sacs within the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A transport network for molecules targeted for certain modifications and specific destinations, as compared to molecules that float freely in the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
2 types of ER
Smooth and Rough ER
The appearance is cause by many ribosomes attached to the outer surface of the membranes.
ROUGH ER
Which has ribosomes on its surface that secrete proteins into the ER.
ROUGH ER
Size of Eukaryotic Ribosomes
18-22nm in Diameter
Consist mainly of rRNA AND PROTEIN AND PLAY AN IMPORTANT part in the synthesis (manufacturer of protein).
Ribosomes
- A cluster of ribosomes
* Held together by a molecule of messenger RNA, observe by electron microscope.
Polyribosomes/ polymers
Process and package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell.
Golgi Complex /golgi apparatus/ golgi body
Connects or communicate with ER
GOLGI COMPLEX/ GOLGI APPARATUS/ BODY
• This stack of flattened, membranous sacs completes the transformation of newly synthesized proteins into mature. (Packaging plants)
Golgi Complex
- SMALL (ABOUT 1 um) vesicles that originate at the Golgi Complex.
- contain digestive (acid hydrolases).
Lysosomes
They digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. Or macromolecules are Hydrolyzed
Lysosomes
Engulfing of large particles by amoebas and certain types of white blood cells called phagocytes
Phagocytosis
Cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.
Phagocytes
The destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes, especially those released by lysosomes .Aid in breaking down worn out parts of the cell and may destroy the entire cell.
Autolysis
Membrane-bound vesicles in which hydrogen peroxide is both generated and broken down.
Peroxisomes
Contains enzyme catalase, which catalyzes (speed up) the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Peroxisomes
Referred to as “power Plants”, “powerhouse” or energy factories. Because this is where most of the ATP molecules are formed by cellular functions.
Mitochondria
Size of mitochondria
0.5um in diameter and up 7 um in length
The major energy carrying or energy-storing molecules within cell
ATP molecules
A membranous- bound structures containing various photosynthetic pigment: site of photosynthesis (energy-producing organelles)
Plastids
Can only be found in plants and algae, and they capture the sun’s energy to make carbohydrates through photosynthesis
Chloroplast
One type of plastids, contain green, photosynthetic pigment.
Chlorophyll
The process by which light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen.
Photosynthesis
Reinforce cell’s shape: function in cell movement: components are made of protein
Cytoskeleton
Eukaryotic cytoskeleton is composed of what?
Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments and Microtubules.
Flexible and relatively strong filamentous structures in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and form part of the cytoskeleton.
Microfilaments ( actin filaments)
They are composed of a family of related proteins sharing common structural and sequence features.
Intermediate Filaments (IFs)
Slender, hollow tubules composed of spherical protein subunits called tubulins.
Microtubules
They are involved in maintaining the structure of the cell and, together with microfilaments and intermediate filaments, they form the cytoskeleton.
Microtubules
External structure that provide rigidity, shape, and protection
Cell wall
Cell wall contains of what?
cellulose, pectin, lignin, chitin, and some mineral salt
Acts to protect the cell mechanically and chemically from its environment, and is an additional layer of protection to the cell membrane.
Cell wall
Not found in the cell wall of any other microorganism .it is found in the cell walls of plants.
Cellulose
Not found in the cell walls of any other organism. It is found in the exoskeleton of beetles and crabs
Chitin
Possess relatively long, thin structure, referred to as organelles of locomotion (cell movement).
Flagella
Organelles of locomotion, but they tend to be shorter (more Hair like), thinner, and more numerous than flagella.
Cilla
