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WJEC Biology AS A01 > Cell structure and organisation > Flashcards

Cell structure and organisation Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is a cell organelle?
A

Functionally and structurally distinct features within a cells cytoplasm

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2
Q
  1. What is the purpose of membranes within the cell?
A
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3
Q
  1. Why might it be correct to state that the cell wall is not an organelle?
A

The cell wall is not found within the cytoplasm.

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4
Q
  1. Which is the largest cell organelle?
A

Nucleus

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5
Q
  1. What is chromatin made of?
A

DNA

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6
Q
  1. What is the function of the nuclear pores?
A

To allow mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm

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7
Q
  1. What does the nucleolus manufacture?
A

Synthesis of Ribosomal subunits and rRNA

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8
Q
  1. State two functions of DNA.
A

Codes for protein synthesis and DNA Replication

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9
Q
  1. What is the term applied to the two membranes surrounding the nucleus?
A

Nuclear envelope

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10
Q
  1. What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
A

Encloses the chromatin (genetic material)

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11
Q
  1. What is the function of mitochondria?
A

Respiration (ATP synthesis)

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12
Q
  1. What is the significance of the cristae?
A

Increase surface area for ATP synthesis

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13
Q
  1. What is the fluid in the centre of a mitochondrion called?
A

Matrix

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14
Q
  1. What is the space between the inner and outer membrane of a mitochondrion called?
A

Inter-membrane space

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15
Q
  1. What are the membranes within a chloroplast called?
A

Thylakoids

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16
Q
  1. What is a stack of thylakoids called?
A

Granum

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17
Q
  1. What is the fluid surrounding the thylakoids called?
A

Stroma

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18
Q
  1. What is stored within chloroplasts?
A

Chlorophyll

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19
Q
  1. What is the function of the circular DNA within chloroplasts and mitochondria?
A

Code for the production of proteins typically enzymes

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20
Q
  1. What type of ribosomes are present in chloroplasts and mitochondria?
A

70s Ribosomes
(Like prokaryotic organisms: Endosymbiosis theory)

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21
Q
  1. What is the difference in structure between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A

Rough ER has 80s Ribosomes attached to its surface whereas smooth ER does not.
SER cisternae are more tubular than RER.

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22
Q
  1. What is the difference in function between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A

Rough ER synthesises, folds and modifies proteins

Smooth ER synthesises, stores and transports Lipids and Carbohydrates

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23
Q
  1. State two functions of the Golgi Body.
A

Modification and packaging of proteins and lipids

24
Q
  1. Within which structures do proteins travel from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi Body?
A

Through the cell cytoplasm in transport vesicles

25
Q
  1. What do lysosomes contain?
A

Digestive enzymes

26
Q
  1. What is the difference between the vacuoles in plant and animal cells?
A

Plants have a large central vacuole.
Animal cells do not typically have a vacuole

27
Q
  1. What is the membrane called that surrounds the vacuole in plant cells?
28
Q
  1. What is the function of the vacuole in a plant cell?
A

Contains cell sap, stores solutes like glucose and swells due to osmosis for turgidity

29
Q
  1. What size are the ribosomes in plant and animal cells?
30
Q
  1. What is the function of a ribosome?
A

Protein synthesis

31
Q
  1. Which type of cells contain centrioles?
A

Animal cells

32
Q
  1. Describe centrioles.
A

There are made of microtubules of spindle fibres.

33
Q
  1. What is the function of centrioles?
A

Form spindle during cell division

34
Q
  1. Which type of cells have a cellulose cell wall?
A

Plant cells

35
Q
  1. How does the structure of cellulose make it suitable for a cell wall?
A

Cellulose microfibrils have high tensile strength, which resists pressure within the cell and prevents plant cells from bursting

36
Q
  1. Describe the permeability of the cell wall.
A

Permeable to MOST molecules

37
Q
  1. What is the term for the gaps in the cell wall that connect plant cells together?
A

Plasmodesmata
- Allows for cell to cell communication

38
Q
  1. What does cell theory state?
A
  • All living organisms are comprised of 1 or more cells.
  • They are the basic unit of life
  • Cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
39
Q
  1. What is the main difference between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell?
A

Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles whereas prokaryotic cells do not

40
Q
  1. What is the difference in ribosomes between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell?
A

Eukaryotic: 80s Ribosomes

Prokaryotic: 70s Ribosomes

41
Q
  1. Give two ways in which the DNA in eukaryotes and prokaryotes differs?
A

Eukaryotes: Linear DNA is associated with histones and is bound by the nuclear envelope.

Prokaryotes: Circular DNA is not associated with proteins (naked) and exists freely in the cytoplasm of the cell in the nucleoid area. (Some also carry an additional ring of DNA called a plasmid)

42
Q
  1. Where does aerobic respiration take place in prokaryotes?
A

Mitochondria

43
Q
  1. What is the cell wall made of in prokaryotes?
A

Peptidoglycan

44
Q
  1. Describe the structure of a virus.
A

Non-cells, as they have no organelles, no chromosomes, no cytoplasm, no cell membrane, nor metabolism. (Akaryotes)
- Consists of a protein coat (Capsid) and nucleic acid (either RNA or DNA)
- Cannot replicate without a host since it has no ribosomes to synthesise proteins and no mitochondria to produce ATP.

45
Q
  1. What does lytic cycle mean?
A

Viral reproduction uses a host cell to manufacture more viruses, then the viruses burst out cell.

46
Q
  1. Define the term “tissue”.
A

An aggregation of similar cells with the same function.

47
Q
  1. What is the difference between a tissue and an organ.
A

An organ is a group of tissues working together with the same overall function.

48
Q
  1. Why is an artery an organ but a capillary a tissue?
A

An artery consists of multiple layers of
different tissue, whereas the capillary is a single layer of endothelial cells

49
Q
  1. Where would you find squamous epithelial tissue and how is it’s shape important?
A

Alveoli and the Bowmans capsule in the kidney nephron

50
Q
  1. What does a goblet cell make and which organelles would you expect to be abundant in one?
A

Mucus
Abundance of Ribosomes as mucus is made up of proteins

51
Q
  1. Where would you find ciliated epithelial tissue what do the cilia do?
A

The lining of the trachea and respiratory system to move mucus and dust out lungs in a sweeping motion.

52
Q
  1. What is the difference between striated and smooth muscle?
A

Striated is for voluntary muscle contractions attached to bones via tendons, such as flexing the bicep, whereas Smooth is for involuntary contractions, such as the gut.

53
Q
  1. What is the difference between striated and cardiac muscle?
A

Striated muscles are voluntary contractions attached to bones via tendons.
Cardiac is a specialised striated muscle, BUT it involuntarily contracts and is described as myogenic since it rhythmically contracts and relaxes without external stimulus.

54
Q
  1. What is the function of the collagen fibres in connective tissue?
A

Collagen fibres provide mechanical strength. It is NOT elastic.

Examples:
-Tendons (Bones to muscles)
-Ligaments (Bones to -Bones)
-Adipose tissue
-Blood
-Bones
-Cartilage

55
Q
  1. What is an organ system?
A

A group of organs working together for a particular role

WJEC Biology AS A01 (10 decks)

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