Cell Structure And Function - Unit 2 Flashcards
What is the definition of equilibrium?
When molecules are evenly spread throughout a space
What is the definition of osmosis?
Diffusion of water (across a membrane)
What is the definition of isotonic?
When equilibrium is reached between two solutions because they are the same/respect each other
Water moves in and out of the cell equally
What is the definition of hypertonic?
Solution with greater concentration
Water moves out of the cell causing shriveling
What is the definition of hypotonic?
Solution with lesser concentration
Water moves in to the cell causing swelling
What is the definition of facilitated diffusion?
Process in which carrier proteins help molecules across the membrane
What is the definition of endocytosis?
Cell takes in large particles by engulfing them
What is the definition of phagocytosis?
“Cell eating”
Extensions of the cytoplasm surround a particle and package it into their vacuole then engulf it
What is the definition of pinocytosis?
Process of taking up liquid from the surrounding environment, tiny pockets form along membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off
What is the definition of exocytosis?
Cell gets rid of particles (typically large/waste) by transport to the external environment
What is the definition of solute?
Molecules that are dissolved in water (examples - salt and sugar)
What is the definition of diffusion?
Process by which molecules are spread from areas of high concentration to low concentration
Movement across a membrane that does not require energy is called _______ transport.
Passive
Organelles that collects excess water inside the cell and force water out are called (____)
Contractile vacuoles
The process of taking material into the cell by in folding the cell membrane is called (____)
Endocytosis
In (____) diffusion membrane proteins help molecules across a membrane
Facilitated
In diffusion do molecules spread out or condense?
Spread out
The lipid bilayer describes (____)
The cell membrane
Facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient (___) using the cells energy
Without
The difference in the concentration of a substance across a space is called a concentration ___________.
Gradient
If there is concentration gradient, substances will move from an area of high concentration to an area of __________ concentration.
Low
The cell membrane is ______________.
Selectively permeable
___________ is the simplest type of passive transport.
Diffusion
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called ___________.
Osmosis
The direction of water movement across the cell membrane depends on the concentration of free water ____________.
Molecules
A solution that causes a cell to swell is called (____) solution
Hypotonic solution
What is the function of cell membrane?
Surrounds cell, holds it together, controls what goes in and out of the cell
What is the function of nucleus?
Provide cell direction (control center), holds DNA
What is the function of nuclear membrane?
Surrounds and protects nucleus
What is the function of nucleolus?
Involved with the synthesis of proteins
What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum? What is the difference between smooth and rough?
Carry materials through cytoplasm
Smooth: helps make lipids
Rough: transports protein
What is the function of ribosomes?
Area where proteins are synthesized.
What is the function of cytoskeleton?
“Internal skeleton”
Holds shape and structure of cell, can use for movement in some cases
What is the function of centrioles?
Animal cells only
Used in cell division
What is the function of mitochondria?
“Power plant”
Provide energy for cell, area of cellular respiration
What is the function of Golgi apparatus/bodies?
Packages proteins, rids the cell of waste(exocytosis)
What is the function of lysosomes?
Breaks down larger molecules and cell parts into usable sizes, destroy harmful substances, hold digestive enzymes
What is the function of vacuole?
Storage space for water, sugar, minerals, and proteins, can increase in size for more storage.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Only plant cells
Site of photosynthesis, collect light energy, carry green pigments
What is the function of cell wall?
Only plant cells
Non living, protect and support cell, composed of cellulose
What is the function of cytoplasm?
Cushions organelles, allow diffusion
What are structures only in plants and what are their functions?
- cell wall- provides shape and support for plant cells, composed of cellulose
- chloroplasts- the site of photosynthesis, stores light to make food, and has green pigment
there are others too
What are two structures only found in animals and their function?
- centrioles- used in cell division
- lysosomes- break down larger molecules into smaller usable molecules, destroy harmful substances, and hold digestive enzymes
In the diffusion lab, was the Baggie permeable to the iodine or the starch?
Iodine
What was the type of solution in the diffusion lab involving iodine and starch?
Hypotonic
What goes in/out of the three stages of cellular respiration? Where do each occur?
1) Glycolysis-where: cytosol (cytoplasm)
- in: 1 glucose, 2 ATP
- out: 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, 2ATP
2) Krebs Cycle-where: mitochondria
- in: 2 pyruvic acid (acetyl CoA)
- out: 6 CO2, 2 ATP, 4 NADH
3) Electron Transport System-where: mitochondria
- in: NADH, oxygen
- out: 34 ATP, 6 H2O
What effect does temperature have on diffusion?
Speeds up
Heat causes the molecule to speed up/move faster increasing the chance of bumping to be more likely
Where does filtration take place?
Glomerulus (also Bowmans capsule)
Where does reabsorption take place?
Proximal tubule (also, loop of Henley and distal tubule)
What is filtered out of our blood?
Glucose, amino acids, salt, water, hydrogen ions
What is reabsorbed from the filtrate?
Glucose, amino acids, water (most of it!)
Why do our kidneys reabsorb most of the filtrate?
Otherwise we would form 120mL of urine every minute and need to go bathroom all the time and we would need to consume at least 1 L of water every 10 minutes
What tube conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body?
Urethra
The primary function of the kidney is to _________ _________ from the ________.
Filter
Wastes
Blood
The functional unit of the kidneys is the _______.
Nephron
Any substance that increases urine production is called a(n) ______.
Diuretic
Dialysis is a procedure used on a person who has ________ failure.
Kidney
What tube connects the bladder to the kidney?
Ureter
What is the function of the glomerulus?
Filter water and other dissolved minerals in blood
What is the function of the distal tubule?
Missed filtrate is removed from the blood here, conducts urine away
What is the function of the proximal tubule?
Cells here remove water and nutrients from the filtrate for passing back into blood (reabsorption)
What ideas come from the cell theory?
- All cells come from pre-existing cells
- cells are the units of function in organisms
- cells are the units of structure in organisms.
What is the main color used by plants in photosynthesis?
Red blue and violet
Why are the dark reactions of photosynthesis named this?
Because they do not require light
Where does cell respiration occur?
In the mitochondria and Cytosol
During passive transport small molecules pass through a selectively permeable membrane by what?
Diffusion
From areas low to high concentration is an example of what kind of transport?
Active transport
Compared to aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration produces what?
Less energy
What is released during aerobic cellular respiration?
CO2
What will happen to a red blood cell when it is placed in a concentrated salt solution?
It will lose water by osmosis, shrink and die
In human white blood cells what process are foreign particles engulfed by?
Phagocytosis
Where is the energy most directly available for use by living cells stored in?
ATP
What occurs to light energy in the light reaction of photosynthesis?
It is absorbed by chlorophyll and transformed into chemical energy
What is muscle fatigue and soreness largely caused by?
An accumulation of lactic acid
How many ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?
2
What is the next preferred energy source in animals after glycogen?
Fats
Does the solubility of solute affect the rate of diffusion?
No
What does affect the rate of diffusion?
Concentration of solute, temperature, and pressure
Where do light reactions occur?
In the grana
Which cell is considered more complex, eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
What type of cells is the human body made up of?
Eukaryotic
What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle?
To produce glucose
What type of transport involves energy to move substances across a membrane?
Active transport
What is the control center of all cell activity?
The nucleus
What organelle is usually present in higher numbers in a muscle cell to provide energy?
The mitochondria
What do you plant cells have that animal cells do not?
A cell wall
What is considered to be the powerhouse of the cell?
The mitochondria
What is not produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis A. oxygen B. Carbon dioxide C. ATP D. NADPH and H+
B. Carbon dioxide
In the absence of oxygen what do animal cells convert glucose to?
They convert glucose to lactic acid
Why is fermentation important?
It is important because energy can be released in the absence of oxygen.
What controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell?
The plasma membrane
What is a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes?
Lysosomes
What is a saclike structure that packages materials?
Golgi bodies
In a cell where is protein synthesis common?
Ribosomes
What are cell to secretions packaged by?
Golgi bodies
What is the correct sequence of steps involved in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
What is the body of the cell outside the nucleus called?
Cytoplasm
Numerous channels with in the cytoplasm of a cell appear to be formed by a membranous network called the _______.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Oxygen is used. A. Occurs in light reaction B. Occurs in dark reaction C. Occurs in both reactions D. Occurs in neither
D
Carbon dioxide is used. A. Occurs in light reaction B. Occurs in dark reaction C. Occurs in both reactions D. Occurs in neither
B
Glucose is broken down by fermentation A. Occurs in light reaction B. Occurs in dark reaction C. Occurs in both reactions D. Occurs in neither
D
The process can occur in the absence of oxygen A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
B
Oxygen is used A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
A
Glucose is used A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
C
The process occurs in all living things A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
A
Energy is released in the absence of oxygen A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
B
Energy is released in presence of oxygen A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
A
Alcohol may be produced A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
B
Carbon dioxide is used A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
D
The process occurs in mitochondria A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
C
ATP is used as an energy carrier A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
C
The process occurs as a series of reactions rather than a single A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
C
Phosphates are involved A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
C
Enzymes are involved A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
C
ATP is synthesized A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
C
Carbon dioxide is produced A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
C
Energy is released A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
C
Pigments are necessary A. Cellular respiration B. Fermentation C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
D
In diffusion molecules tend to move from _______ to _______ concentration.
High to low
The molecule that passes electrons to the electron transport system during aerobic cellular respiration in living cells is ______.
NADH
Which of these organelles is the largest and most easily seen in a microscope? A. Mitochondria B. Ribosome C. Nucleus D. Chloroplast
C
The flattened sacs within a chloroplast are called?
Thylakoids
The fluid filled space about the grams in chloroplasts is called the _______.
Stroma
What plant organelle provides support to the cell?
Vacuole
Which cells (observed in class) had palisade and spongey layers?
Monocot/dicot leaf cells
What is the final acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen
What will ribosomes be attached to if they aren’t floating freely?
Endoplasmic reticulum
In what structure can cellulose be found?
Cell wall
The two main kidney areas are:
Cortez and medulla
