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Bio 30 > Cell Structure And Function - Unit 2 > Flashcards

Cell Structure And Function - Unit 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of equilibrium?

A

When molecules are evenly spread throughout a space

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2
Q

What is the definition of osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water (across a membrane)

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3
Q

What is the definition of isotonic?

A

When equilibrium is reached between two solutions because they are the same/respect each other
Water moves in and out of the cell equally

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4
Q

What is the definition of hypertonic?

A

Solution with greater concentration

Water moves out of the cell causing shriveling

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5
Q

What is the definition of hypotonic?

A

Solution with lesser concentration

Water moves in to the cell causing swelling

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6
Q

What is the definition of facilitated diffusion?

A

Process in which carrier proteins help molecules across the membrane

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7
Q

What is the definition of endocytosis?

A

Cell takes in large particles by engulfing them

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8
Q

What is the definition of phagocytosis?

A

“Cell eating”

Extensions of the cytoplasm surround a particle and package it into their vacuole then engulf it

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9
Q

What is the definition of pinocytosis?

A

Process of taking up liquid from the surrounding environment, tiny pockets form along membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off

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10
Q

What is the definition of exocytosis?

A

Cell gets rid of particles (typically large/waste) by transport to the external environment

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11
Q

What is the definition of solute?

A

Molecules that are dissolved in water (examples - salt and sugar)

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12
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

Process by which molecules are spread from areas of high concentration to low concentration

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13
Q

Movement across a membrane that does not require energy is called _______ transport.

A

Passive

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14
Q

Organelles that collects excess water inside the cell and force water out are called (____)

A

Contractile vacuoles

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15
Q

The process of taking material into the cell by in folding the cell membrane is called (____)

A

Endocytosis

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16
Q

In (____) diffusion membrane proteins help molecules across a membrane

A

Facilitated

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17
Q

In diffusion do molecules spread out or condense?

A

Spread out

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18
Q

The lipid bilayer describes (____)

A

The cell membrane

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19
Q

Facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient (___) using the cells energy

A

Without

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20
Q

The difference in the concentration of a substance across a space is called a concentration ___________.

A

Gradient

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21
Q

If there is concentration gradient, substances will move from an area of high concentration to an area of __________ concentration.

A

Low

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22
Q

The cell membrane is ______________.

A

Selectively permeable

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23
Q

___________ is the simplest type of passive transport.

A

Diffusion

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24
Q

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called ___________.

A

Osmosis

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25
Q

The direction of water movement across the cell membrane depends on the concentration of free water ____________.

A

Molecules

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26
Q

A solution that causes a cell to swell is called (____) solution

A

Hypotonic solution

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27
Q

What is the function of cell membrane?

A

Surrounds cell, holds it together, controls what goes in and out of the cell

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28
Q

What is the function of nucleus?

A

Provide cell direction (control center), holds DNA

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29
Q

What is the function of nuclear membrane?

A

Surrounds and protects nucleus

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30
Q

What is the function of nucleolus?

A

Involved with the synthesis of proteins

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31
Q

What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum? What is the difference between smooth and rough?

A

Carry materials through cytoplasm
Smooth: helps make lipids
Rough: transports protein

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32
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Area where proteins are synthesized.

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33
Q

What is the function of cytoskeleton?

A

“Internal skeleton”

Holds shape and structure of cell, can use for movement in some cases

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34
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Animal cells only

Used in cell division

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35
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

“Power plant”

Provide energy for cell, area of cellular respiration

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36
Q

What is the function of Golgi apparatus/bodies?

A

Packages proteins, rids the cell of waste(exocytosis)

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37
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Breaks down larger molecules and cell parts into usable sizes, destroy harmful substances, hold digestive enzymes

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38
Q

What is the function of vacuole?

A

Storage space for water, sugar, minerals, and proteins, can increase in size for more storage.

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39
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Only plant cells

Site of photosynthesis, collect light energy, carry green pigments

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40
Q

What is the function of cell wall?

A

Only plant cells

Non living, protect and support cell, composed of cellulose

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41
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Cushions organelles, allow diffusion

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42
Q

What are structures only in plants and what are their functions?

A
  • cell wall- provides shape and support for plant cells, composed of cellulose
  • chloroplasts- the site of photosynthesis, stores light to make food, and has green pigment

there are others too

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43
Q

What are two structures only found in animals and their function?

A
  • centrioles- used in cell division
  • lysosomes- break down larger molecules into smaller usable molecules, destroy harmful substances, and hold digestive enzymes
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44
Q

In the diffusion lab, was the Baggie permeable to the iodine or the starch?

A

Iodine

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45
Q

What was the type of solution in the diffusion lab involving iodine and starch?

A

Hypotonic

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46
Q

What goes in/out of the three stages of cellular respiration? Where do each occur?

A

1) Glycolysis-where: cytosol (cytoplasm)
- in: 1 glucose, 2 ATP
- out: 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, 2ATP

2) Krebs Cycle-where: mitochondria
- in: 2 pyruvic acid (acetyl CoA)
- out: 6 CO2, 2 ATP, 4 NADH

3) Electron Transport System-where: mitochondria
- in: NADH, oxygen
- out: 34 ATP, 6 H2O

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47
Q

What effect does temperature have on diffusion?

A

Speeds up

Heat causes the molecule to speed up/move faster increasing the chance of bumping to be more likely

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48
Q

Where does filtration take place?

A

Glomerulus (also Bowmans capsule)

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49
Q

Where does reabsorption take place?

A

Proximal tubule (also, loop of Henley and distal tubule)

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50
Q

What is filtered out of our blood?

A

Glucose, amino acids, salt, water, hydrogen ions

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51
Q

What is reabsorbed from the filtrate?

A

Glucose, amino acids, water (most of it!)

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52
Q

Why do our kidneys reabsorb most of the filtrate?

A

Otherwise we would form 120mL of urine every minute and need to go bathroom all the time and we would need to consume at least 1 L of water every 10 minutes

53
Q

What tube conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body?

A

Urethra

54
Q

The primary function of the kidney is to _________ _________ from the ________.

A

Filter
Wastes
Blood

55
Q

The functional unit of the kidneys is the _______.

A

Nephron

56
Q

Any substance that increases urine production is called a(n) ______.

A

Diuretic

57
Q

Dialysis is a procedure used on a person who has ________ failure.

A

Kidney

58
Q

What tube connects the bladder to the kidney?

A

Ureter

59
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus?

A

Filter water and other dissolved minerals in blood

60
Q

What is the function of the distal tubule?

A

Missed filtrate is removed from the blood here, conducts urine away

61
Q

What is the function of the proximal tubule?

A

Cells here remove water and nutrients from the filtrate for passing back into blood (reabsorption)

62
Q

What ideas come from the cell theory?

A
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells
  • cells are the units of function in organisms
  • cells are the units of structure in organisms.
63
Q

What is the main color used by plants in photosynthesis?

A

Red blue and violet

64
Q

Why are the dark reactions of photosynthesis named this?

A

Because they do not require light

65
Q

Where does cell respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria and Cytosol

66
Q

During passive transport small molecules pass through a selectively permeable membrane by what?

A

Diffusion

67
Q

From areas low to high concentration is an example of what kind of transport?

A

Active transport

68
Q

Compared to aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration produces what?

A

Less energy

69
Q

What is released during aerobic cellular respiration?

A

CO2

70
Q

What will happen to a red blood cell when it is placed in a concentrated salt solution?

A

It will lose water by osmosis, shrink and die

71
Q

In human white blood cells what process are foreign particles engulfed by?

A

Phagocytosis

72
Q

Where is the energy most directly available for use by living cells stored in?

A

ATP

73
Q

What occurs to light energy in the light reaction of photosynthesis?

A

It is absorbed by chlorophyll and transformed into chemical energy

74
Q

What is muscle fatigue and soreness largely caused by?

A

An accumulation of lactic acid

75
Q

How many ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

2

76
Q

What is the next preferred energy source in animals after glycogen?

A

Fats

77
Q

Does the solubility of solute affect the rate of diffusion?

A

No

78
Q

What does affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration of solute, temperature, and pressure

79
Q

Where do light reactions occur?

A

In the grana

80
Q

Which cell is considered more complex, eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

81
Q

What type of cells is the human body made up of?

A

Eukaryotic

82
Q

What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle?

A

To produce glucose

83
Q

What type of transport involves energy to move substances across a membrane?

A

Active transport

84
Q

What is the control center of all cell activity?

A

The nucleus

85
Q

What organelle is usually present in higher numbers in a muscle cell to provide energy?

A

The mitochondria

86
Q

What do you plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A

A cell wall

87
Q

What is considered to be the powerhouse of the cell?

A

The mitochondria

88
Q

What is not produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis A. oxygen B. Carbon dioxide C. ATP D. NADPH and H+

A

B. Carbon dioxide

89
Q

In the absence of oxygen what do animal cells convert glucose to?

A

They convert glucose to lactic acid

90
Q

Why is fermentation important?

A

It is important because energy can be released in the absence of oxygen.

91
Q

What controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell?

A

The plasma membrane

92
Q

What is a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes?

A

Lysosomes

93
Q

What is a saclike structure that packages materials?

A

Golgi bodies

94
Q

In a cell where is protein synthesis common?

A

Ribosomes

95
Q

What are cell to secretions packaged by?

A

Golgi bodies

96
Q

What is the correct sequence of steps involved in cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

97
Q

What is the body of the cell outside the nucleus called?

A

Cytoplasm

98
Q

Numerous channels with in the cytoplasm of a cell appear to be formed by a membranous network called the _______.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

99
Q 
Oxygen is used. 
A. Occurs in light reaction
B. Occurs in dark reaction
C. Occurs in both reactions
D. Occurs in neither
A

D

100
Q 
Carbon dioxide is used.
A. Occurs in light reaction
B. Occurs in dark reaction
C. Occurs in both reactions
D. Occurs in neither
A

B

101
Q 
Glucose is broken down by fermentation 
A. Occurs in light reaction
B. Occurs in dark reaction
C. Occurs in both reactions
D. Occurs in neither
A

D

102
Q 
The process can occur in the absence of oxygen
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

B

103
Q 
Oxygen is used
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

A

104
Q 
Glucose is used
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

C

105
Q 
The process occurs in all living things
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

A

106
Q 
Energy is released in the absence of oxygen
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

B

107
Q 
Energy is released in presence of oxygen
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

A

108
Q 
Alcohol may be produced
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

B

109
Q 
Carbon dioxide is used
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

D

110
Q 
The process occurs in mitochondria
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

C

111
Q 
ATP is used as an energy carrier
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

C

112
Q 
The process occurs as a series of reactions rather than a single
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

C

113
Q 
Phosphates are involved
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

C

114
Q 
Enzymes are involved
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

C

115
Q 
ATP is synthesized 
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

C

116
Q 
Carbon dioxide is produced
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

C

117
Q 
Energy is released 
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

C

118
Q 
Pigments are necessary 
A. Cellular respiration 
B. Fermentation
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A

D

119
Q

In diffusion molecules tend to move from _______ to _______ concentration.

A

High to low

120
Q

The molecule that passes electrons to the electron transport system during aerobic cellular respiration in living cells is ______.

A

NADH

121
Q 
Which of these organelles is the largest and most easily seen in a microscope? 
A. Mitochondria 
B. Ribosome
C. Nucleus 
D. Chloroplast
A

C

122
Q

The flattened sacs within a chloroplast are called?

A

Thylakoids

123
Q

The fluid filled space about the grams in chloroplasts is called the _______.

A

Stroma

124
Q

What plant organelle provides support to the cell?

A

Vacuole

125
Q

Which cells (observed in class) had palisade and spongey layers?

A

Monocot/dicot leaf cells

126
Q

What is the final acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen

127
Q

What will ribosomes be attached to if they aren’t floating freely?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

128
Q

In what structure can cellulose be found?

A

Cell wall

129
Q

The two main kidney areas are:

A

Cortez and medulla

Bio 30 (4 decks)

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