Animal Systems - Unit 4 Flashcards
Summarize the body’s 1st and 2nd line of defense.
1st- mainly physical
- examples: skin, mucous in respiratory tract, acid in stomach, enzymes in tears
2nd- is mobilized if invader takes up residence in the body
- different types of white blood cells (leukocytes) seek out and destroy any potentially destructive agents that have entered the body
Compare veins and arteries.
Veins- carry blood to heart
- low pressure(use valves to steer blood)
Arteries- carry blood away from heart
- largest artery is aorta because it has to pump to the whole body
What are capillaries and their function?
- tiny blood vessels with walls only one cell thick
- connect arteries and veins
- site of fluid and gas exchange
Describe the two parts of the nervous system.
Central nervous system- contains nerves of brain and spinal cord, coordinating center for incoming and outgoing information
Peripheral nervous system- carries information between the organs of the body and the CNS
What are the subcategories of peripheral nervous system? And describe them.
Somatic nerves- contains skeletal muscle, bones, and skin
Autonomic nerves- control internal organs of body
What are the subcategories of somatic nerves?
Sensory nerves and motor nerves
Voluntary
What are the subcategories of autonomic nerves?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Involuntary
Describe the reflex arc.
•reflexes are involuntary and unconscious
•happen before the brain receives message
1. Receptor-senses pain
2. Sensory neuron-sends message to spinal cord
3. Interneuron-(spinal cord) receives info and sends message to motor neuron
4. Motor neuron-activates effector cells
5. Effector-moves away from danger
What hormones are secreted by pituitary? (6)
ACTH, LH, TSH, FSH, growth hormone, prolactin
What hormones are secreted by thyroid gland?
Thyroxin, calcitonin
What is secreted from the parathyroid?
Parathormone
What is secreted from the adrenal glands?
Adrenaline, noradrenaline
What does the pancreas secrete?
Insulin glucagon
What is secreted by the ovaries?
Estrogen, progesterone
What do the testes secrete?
Testosterone
Describe plasma.
Clear straw colored liquid that is 90% water and 10% dissolves substances (plasma proteins)
Compare red blood cells and white blood cells.
Red- transport oxygen, no nucleus, more numerous, red color(have hemoglobin), survive 110-120 days
White- destroy pathogens and aid in the repair of wounds, have a nucleus, less numerous, can move, form antibodies, colorless(no hemoglobin), survive 10 days
Describe the shape and function of platelets.
Aid in blood clotting
Fragments of cells, colorless, disk shaped, no nuclei, survive ~4 days
Describe the main regions of the human brain.
Cerebrum- largest and most highly developed part of brain - sensory info, speech, memory, personality, emotions, etc.
Cerebellum- coordinates muscle movement
Medulla oblongata- (hind brain) joins spinal cord and cerebellum - site of autonomic nerve control (heartbeat, breathing, etc)
The ____ cavity contains the viscera and extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis.
Abdominal
The ____ is the largest and most highly developed part of the human brain.
Cerebrum
The pigment found in the red blood cells is called _____.
Hemoglobin
The _____ secretes enzymes into the small intestine to aid in digestion of proteins, carbs, and lipids.
Pancreas.
Call fragments that aid in blood clotting are called ______.
Platelets
The release of a human egg is called ______.
Ovulation
Another name for nerve cells _____.
Neuron
The female sex hormones are ____ and _____.
Wstrogen and progesterone
The ____ is the largest blood vessel leaving the heart.
Aorta
The clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies is called ____.
Agglutination
The _____ gland is located above each kidney and is associated with fight or flight response.
Adrenal
An early stage of embryo development is called a _____.
Blastocyst
The ______ is a large sheet of muscle separating lungs from abdominal cavity.
Diaphragm
The bottom two chambers of the heart are called _____.
Ventricles
A _____ is the region between two neurons.
Synapses
The sac that contains the testes is the ____.
Scrotum.
The reduction in blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin is a condition called ______.
Anemia
The ______ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries
The ______ contributes to a mucous rich fluid to the seminal fluid.
Coopers gland
The part of the menstrual cycle marked by the shedding of the endometrium is called the _______.
Flow phase
The _______ are structures in the ovary that contain the egg and secrete estrogen.
Follicles
Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins are called _____.
Capillaries
The ___ is a long extension of cytoplasm on one end of a neuron.
Axon
Another word for a Fallopian tube is _____.
Oviduct
The saclike membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is the _____.
Pericardium
The hormone that stimulates milk production is called ______.
Prolactin
The ______ are a gland that secrete fructose into the seminal fluid. This provides energy for the sperm.
Seminal vesicles.
Male hormones and sperm are produced in the _____.
Tested
The _____ are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
Veins
The tube that carries sperm toward the urethra is called the _______.
Vas deferens
The name of the very large vein that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart is called the _____.
Venae cavae
The straw colored liquid that carries red and white blood cells is called the ______. It makes up the majority of our blood.
Plasma
A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that maintains the rate of metabolism is _______.
Thyroxine
The ______ is a passage way for both food and air.
Pharynx
Another name for the master gland of the endocrine system is the _____.
Pituitary gland
The ______ cavity can also be referred to as the chest cavity.
Thoracic.
The epiglottis:
Covers the trachea during swallowing
Their main purpose is to increase the surface area of the lungs
Aveoli
Why are the testis found outside the body in mammals?
To maintain optimum temperature for sperm production
What female hormone initiates ovulation?
Luitenizing hormone
A reflex is:
Performed without the knowledge of the brain
Veins do not:
Have thicker walls than arteries
True or false: All veins carry deoxygenated blood
False
Valves in veins prevent:
Backflow
Air is drawn into the lungs by the
Rib muscles and diaphragm
The _____ is a part of the male reproductive system and is a common source of cancer in men.
Prostate gland
The _____ is a fatty covering over the axon of the nerve cell.
Myelin sheath
The _____ is an embryonic membrane.
Allantois
The tiny air sacs inside the lungs are called ______. The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood occur in these sacs.
Alveoli
The hearts pacemaker is a region of cells called the ____.
Sinoatrial node
The ____ is a part of the male reproductive system and is a common source of cancer in men.
Prostate gland
Diabetics do not have enough of this hormone ____
Insulin
The ___ are coiled tubules inside the testes that store sperm cell.
Epididymis
The ___ are projections off of a nerve cell that receive the impulse and pass it onto the cell body.
Dendrites
After ovulation, the ____ is formed from the follicle cells of the ovary. It secretes estrogen and progesterone.
Corpus luteum
The region of the brain that coordinates muscle movement is the ____
Cerebellum
The upper lumping chambers of the heart are called ____.
Atrium
A technique called _____ can be used to detect genetic defects in a fetus or embryo.
Amniocentesis
The term ____ is used to describe the chest pain produced by a heat attack.
Angina
The substance that stimulates the production of antibodies in our blood is called ____.
Antigens
A substance that can cause disease is called a _______.
Pathogen
B cells are produced and stored inside the ______.
Bone marrow
Another name for the voice box is the _____.
Larynx
The flap of tissue that covers the opening of the windpipe when swallowing is called the _______.
Epiglottis
The type of T cell that retains information about the invader until next time is called the ____.
Memory T cells
B cells produce a chemical weapon against _____.
Antibodies
The body’s _______________ is a physical protective layer including the skin, mucous in the respiratory tract and acid in the stomach.
First line of defense
The ______ separates the left and right sides of the heart.
Septum
The _________ artery is the only artery in the body that carries blood that is oxygen deficient.
Pulmonary
The veins have ______ inside of them to prevent the blood from flowing backwards.
Valves
The type of blood cell that doesn’t contain a nucleus is the ________.
Red blood cell
The most muscular chamber of the heart is the _______.
Left ventricle
Which structure carries oxygenated blood to the body?
Aorta
Which structures contain oxygenated blood?
Left ventricle and left atrium
Which structure pumps blood to the entire body?
Left ventricle
Which structure receives blood from the body?
Right atrium
Which structure takes blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
Blood sugar levels are elevated after eating a meal, if a person’s hormones are working properly the blood sugar level will be decreased due to the release of:
Insulin
What portion of the neuron has the nucleus?
Cell body
Which portion of the human brain is responsible for controlling breathing heart rate and blood pressure?
Medulla oblongata
A foreign chemical or protein marker is called:
Antigen
Parts of the immune system that engulfs bacteria:
Macrophage
Phagocytic cells that have a nucleus: A) red blood cells B) white blood cells C) plasma D) platelets
B
Helps create a clot to stop a cut from bleeding: A) red blood cells B) white blood cells C) plasma D) platelets
D
Part of the immune system A) red blood cells B) white blood cells C) plasma D) platelets
B
The fluid portion of blood A) red blood cells B) white blood cells C) plasma D) platelets
C
A group of tissues that work together is called a:
Organ
External fertilization that occurs in fish is considered to be (less/more) efficient than (internal/external) fertilization.
Less, internal
Asexual reproduction of yeast cells occurs by:
Budding
Gaseous and nutritional exchanges between the circulatory system and body tissues occur in :
Capillaries
The major function of the Alveoli is to:
Provide a greater area for gas exchange
A degeneration of blood vessel caused by the accumulation of fat deposits along the inner wall of an artery is:
Artherosclerosis
Menstruation begins with the secretion of:
Progesterone and estrogen declines
In females the thickening of the uterine wall is promoted by:
Estrogen and progesterone
Fertilization in humans normally occurs when the Ovum is in the:
Fallopian tube
The amnion, Allantois, yolk sac, chorion are:
Embryonic membranes
The animal fluid in which sperm are released is called:
Semen
At an Early-stage an animal embryo forms a hollow ball of cells called a:
Blastula
An example of a hermaphroditic animal is:
Earthworm
In animals, sperm and ova are produced in:
Gonads
The union of an ovum and a sperm produces a:
Zygote
Asexual reproduction is called vegetative reproduction when new organisms develop from:
Body parts of other organisms
For a species of an organism reproduction solves the problem of:
Individual mortality
The sexual reproduction of organisms always involves two:
Gametes
The effector is a :
Muscle
The receptor is sensitive to:
Touch
A hormone that regulates the rate of cellular respiration in body cells Hormone produced by... A)adrenal Gland B)pancreas C)pituitary gland D)thyroid gland
D
A hormone that raises blood pressure speeds up heartbeat and helps an individual through a sudden emergency Hormone produced by... A)adrenal Gland B)pancreas C)pituitary gland D)thyroid gland
A
The hormone that is essential to the metabolism of glucose Hormone produced by... A)adrenal Gland B)pancreas C)pituitary gland D)thyroid gland
B
The hormone that increases the percentage of glucose in the blood Hormone produced by... A)adrenal Gland B)pancreas C)pituitary gland D)thyroid gland
B
The hormone that directs another gland to produce its hormone Hormone produced by... A)adrenal Gland B)pancreas C)pituitary gland D)thyroid gland
C
In vertebrates the central nervous system is usually defined as the:
Brain and spinal cord together with nerves connected directly to them
The basic unit of any nervous system is a
Neuron
Endocrine glands have no ducts their secretions are delivered by the:
Bloodstream
most chemical substances that help regulate growth development and social activity are known as:
Hormones
The human liver changes glucose to glycogen and glycogen back to glucose in this way it helps regulate the level of:
Glucose in the blood
Circulatory system with two well separate divisions one serving the gills or lungs and the other serving the rest of the body is a characteristic of a:
Mammal or bird
Platelets function in:
Blood clotting
Most white blood cells destroy:
Pathogens
Hemoglobin is essential to blood because it combines readily with:
Oxygen
Red blood cells are red because they:
Contain hemoglobin
Blood plasma in mammals leaves that capillaries, carrying nutrients and oxygen and flows back with wastes into:
Other capillaries
