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Bio 30 > Animal Systems - Unit 4 > Flashcards

Animal Systems - Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Summarize the body’s 1st and 2nd line of defense.

A

1st- mainly physical
- examples: skin, mucous in respiratory tract, acid in stomach, enzymes in tears
2nd- is mobilized if invader takes up residence in the body
- different types of white blood cells (leukocytes) seek out and destroy any potentially destructive agents that have entered the body

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2
Q

Compare veins and arteries.

A

Veins- carry blood to heart
- low pressure(use valves to steer blood)
Arteries- carry blood away from heart
- largest artery is aorta because it has to pump to the whole body

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3
Q

What are capillaries and their function?

A
  • tiny blood vessels with walls only one cell thick
  • connect arteries and veins
  • site of fluid and gas exchange
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4
Q

Describe the two parts of the nervous system.

A

Central nervous system- contains nerves of brain and spinal cord, coordinating center for incoming and outgoing information
Peripheral nervous system- carries information between the organs of the body and the CNS

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5
Q

What are the subcategories of peripheral nervous system? And describe them.

A

Somatic nerves- contains skeletal muscle, bones, and skin

Autonomic nerves- control internal organs of body

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6
Q

What are the subcategories of somatic nerves?

A

Sensory nerves and motor nerves

Voluntary

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7
Q

What are the subcategories of autonomic nerves?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Involuntary

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8
Q

Describe the reflex arc.

A

•reflexes are involuntary and unconscious
•happen before the brain receives message
1. Receptor-senses pain
2. Sensory neuron-sends message to spinal cord
3. Interneuron-(spinal cord) receives info and sends message to motor neuron
4. Motor neuron-activates effector cells
5. Effector-moves away from danger

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9
Q

What hormones are secreted by pituitary? (6)

A

ACTH, LH, TSH, FSH, growth hormone, prolactin

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10
Q

What hormones are secreted by thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxin, calcitonin

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11
Q

What is secreted from the parathyroid?

A

Parathormone

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12
Q

What is secreted from the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenaline, noradrenaline

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13
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin glucagon

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14
Q

What is secreted by the ovaries?

A

Estrogen, progesterone

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15
Q

What do the testes secrete?

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

Describe plasma.

A

Clear straw colored liquid that is 90% water and 10% dissolves substances (plasma proteins)

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17
Q

Compare red blood cells and white blood cells.

A

Red- transport oxygen, no nucleus, more numerous, red color(have hemoglobin), survive 110-120 days
White- destroy pathogens and aid in the repair of wounds, have a nucleus, less numerous, can move, form antibodies, colorless(no hemoglobin), survive 10 days

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18
Q

Describe the shape and function of platelets.

A

Aid in blood clotting

Fragments of cells, colorless, disk shaped, no nuclei, survive ~4 days

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19
Q

Describe the main regions of the human brain.

A

Cerebrum- largest and most highly developed part of brain - sensory info, speech, memory, personality, emotions, etc.
Cerebellum- coordinates muscle movement
Medulla oblongata- (hind brain) joins spinal cord and cerebellum - site of autonomic nerve control (heartbeat, breathing, etc)

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20
Q

The ____ cavity contains the viscera and extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis.

A

Abdominal

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21
Q

The ____ is the largest and most highly developed part of the human brain.

A

Cerebrum

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22
Q

The pigment found in the red blood cells is called _____.

A

Hemoglobin

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23
Q

The _____ secretes enzymes into the small intestine to aid in digestion of proteins, carbs, and lipids.

A

Pancreas.

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24
Q

Call fragments that aid in blood clotting are called ______.

A

Platelets

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25
Q

The release of a human egg is called ______.

A

Ovulation

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26
Q

Another name for nerve cells _____.

A

Neuron

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27
Q

The female sex hormones are ____ and _____.

A

Wstrogen and progesterone

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28
Q

The ____ is the largest blood vessel leaving the heart.

A

Aorta

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29
Q

The clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies is called ____.

A

Agglutination

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30
Q

The _____ gland is located above each kidney and is associated with fight or flight response.

A

Adrenal

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31
Q

An early stage of embryo development is called a _____.

A

Blastocyst

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32
Q

The ______ is a large sheet of muscle separating lungs from abdominal cavity.

A

Diaphragm

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33
Q

The bottom two chambers of the heart are called _____.

A

Ventricles

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34
Q

A _____ is the region between two neurons.

A

Synapses

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35
Q

The sac that contains the testes is the ____.

A

Scrotum.

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36
Q

The reduction in blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin is a condition called ______.

A

Anemia

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37
Q

The ______ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

A

Arteries

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38
Q

The ______ contributes to a mucous rich fluid to the seminal fluid.

A

Coopers gland

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39
Q

The part of the menstrual cycle marked by the shedding of the endometrium is called the _______.

A

Flow phase

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40
Q

The _______ are structures in the ovary that contain the egg and secrete estrogen.

A

Follicles

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41
Q

Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins are called _____.

A

Capillaries

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42
Q

The ___ is a long extension of cytoplasm on one end of a neuron.

A

Axon

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43
Q

Another word for a Fallopian tube is _____.

A

Oviduct

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44
Q

The saclike membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is the _____.

A

Pericardium

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45
Q

The hormone that stimulates milk production is called ______.

A

Prolactin

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46
Q

The ______ are a gland that secrete fructose into the seminal fluid. This provides energy for the sperm.

A

Seminal vesicles.

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47
Q

Male hormones and sperm are produced in the _____.

A

Tested

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48
Q

The _____ are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

A

Veins

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49
Q

The tube that carries sperm toward the urethra is called the _______.

A

Vas deferens

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50
Q

The name of the very large vein that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart is called the _____.

A

Venae cavae

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51
Q

The straw colored liquid that carries red and white blood cells is called the ______. It makes up the majority of our blood.

A

Plasma

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52
Q

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that maintains the rate of metabolism is _______.

A

Thyroxine

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53
Q

The ______ is a passage way for both food and air.

A

Pharynx

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54
Q

Another name for the master gland of the endocrine system is the _____.

A

Pituitary gland

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55
Q

The ______ cavity can also be referred to as the chest cavity.

A

Thoracic.

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56
Q

The epiglottis:

A

Covers the trachea during swallowing

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57
Q

Their main purpose is to increase the surface area of the lungs

A

Aveoli

58
Q

Why are the testis found outside the body in mammals?

A

To maintain optimum temperature for sperm production

59
Q

What female hormone initiates ovulation?

A

Luitenizing hormone

60
Q

A reflex is:

A

Performed without the knowledge of the brain

61
Q

Veins do not:

A

Have thicker walls than arteries

62
Q

True or false: All veins carry deoxygenated blood

A

False

63
Q

Valves in veins prevent:

A

Backflow

64
Q

Air is drawn into the lungs by the

A

Rib muscles and diaphragm

65
Q

The _____ is a part of the male reproductive system and is a common source of cancer in men.

A

Prostate gland

66
Q

The _____ is a fatty covering over the axon of the nerve cell.

A

Myelin sheath

67
Q

The _____ is an embryonic membrane.

A

Allantois

68
Q

The tiny air sacs inside the lungs are called ______. The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood occur in these sacs.

A

Alveoli

69
Q

The hearts pacemaker is a region of cells called the ____.

A

Sinoatrial node

70
Q

The ____ is a part of the male reproductive system and is a common source of cancer in men.

A

Prostate gland

71
Q

Diabetics do not have enough of this hormone ____

A

Insulin

72
Q

The ___ are coiled tubules inside the testes that store sperm cell.

A

Epididymis

73
Q

The ___ are projections off of a nerve cell that receive the impulse and pass it onto the cell body.

A

Dendrites

74
Q

After ovulation, the ____ is formed from the follicle cells of the ovary. It secretes estrogen and progesterone.

A

Corpus luteum

75
Q

The region of the brain that coordinates muscle movement is the ____

A

Cerebellum

76
Q

The upper lumping chambers of the heart are called ____.

A

Atrium

77
Q

A technique called _____ can be used to detect genetic defects in a fetus or embryo.

A

Amniocentesis

78
Q

The term ____ is used to describe the chest pain produced by a heat attack.

A

Angina

79
Q

The substance that stimulates the production of antibodies in our blood is called ____.

A

Antigens

80
Q

A substance that can cause disease is called a _______.

A

Pathogen

81
Q

B cells are produced and stored inside the ______.

A

Bone marrow

82
Q

Another name for the voice box is the _____.

A

Larynx

83
Q

The flap of tissue that covers the opening of the windpipe when swallowing is called the _______.

A

Epiglottis

84
Q

The type of T cell that retains information about the invader until next time is called the ____.

A

Memory T cells

85
Q

B cells produce a chemical weapon against _____.

A

Antibodies

86
Q

The body’s _______________ is a physical protective layer including the skin, mucous in the respiratory tract and acid in the stomach.

A

First line of defense

87
Q

The ______ separates the left and right sides of the heart.

A

Septum

88
Q

The _________ artery is the only artery in the body that carries blood that is oxygen deficient.

A

Pulmonary

89
Q

The veins have ______ inside of them to prevent the blood from flowing backwards.

A

Valves

90
Q

The type of blood cell that doesn’t contain a nucleus is the ________.

A

Red blood cell

91
Q

The most muscular chamber of the heart is the _______.

A

Left ventricle

92
Q

Which structure carries oxygenated blood to the body?

A

Aorta

93
Q

Which structures contain oxygenated blood?

A

Left ventricle and left atrium

94
Q

Which structure pumps blood to the entire body?

A

Left ventricle

95
Q

Which structure receives blood from the body?

A

Right atrium

96
Q

Which structure takes blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

97
Q

Blood sugar levels are elevated after eating a meal, if a person’s hormones are working properly the blood sugar level will be decreased due to the release of:

A

Insulin

98
Q

What portion of the neuron has the nucleus?

A

Cell body

99
Q

Which portion of the human brain is responsible for controlling breathing heart rate and blood pressure?

A

Medulla oblongata

100
Q

A foreign chemical or protein marker is called:

A

Antigen

101
Q

Parts of the immune system that engulfs bacteria:

A

Macrophage

102
Q 
Phagocytic cells that have a nucleus:
A) red blood cells
B) white blood cells
C) plasma
D) platelets
A

B

103
Q 
Helps create a clot to stop a cut from bleeding:
A) red blood cells
B) white blood cells
C) plasma
D) platelets
A

D

104
Q 
Part of the immune system
A) red blood cells
B) white blood cells
C) plasma
D) platelets
A

B

105
Q 
The fluid portion of blood
A) red blood cells
B) white blood cells
C) plasma
D) platelets
A

C

106
Q

A group of tissues that work together is called a:

A

Organ

107
Q

External fertilization that occurs in fish is considered to be (less/more) efficient than (internal/external) fertilization.

A

Less, internal

108
Q

Asexual reproduction of yeast cells occurs by:

A

Budding

109
Q

Gaseous and nutritional exchanges between the circulatory system and body tissues occur in :

A

Capillaries

110
Q

The major function of the Alveoli is to:

A

Provide a greater area for gas exchange

111
Q

A degeneration of blood vessel caused by the accumulation of fat deposits along the inner wall of an artery is:

A

Artherosclerosis

112
Q

Menstruation begins with the secretion of:

A

Progesterone and estrogen declines

113
Q

In females the thickening of the uterine wall is promoted by:

A

Estrogen and progesterone

114
Q

Fertilization in humans normally occurs when the Ovum is in the:

A

Fallopian tube

115
Q

The amnion, Allantois, yolk sac, chorion are:

A

Embryonic membranes

116
Q

The animal fluid in which sperm are released is called:

A

Semen

117
Q

At an Early-stage an animal embryo forms a hollow ball of cells called a:

A

Blastula

118
Q

An example of a hermaphroditic animal is:

A

Earthworm

119
Q

In animals, sperm and ova are produced in:

A

Gonads

120
Q

The union of an ovum and a sperm produces a:

A

Zygote

121
Q

Asexual reproduction is called vegetative reproduction when new organisms develop from:

A

Body parts of other organisms

122
Q

For a species of an organism reproduction solves the problem of:

A

Individual mortality

123
Q

The sexual reproduction of organisms always involves two:

A

Gametes

124
Q

The effector is a :

A

Muscle

125
Q

The receptor is sensitive to:

A

Touch

126
Q 
A hormone that regulates the rate of cellular respiration in body cells
Hormone produced by...
A)adrenal Gland 
B)pancreas
C)pituitary gland 
D)thyroid gland
A

D

127
Q 
A hormone that raises blood pressure speeds up heartbeat and helps an individual through a sudden emergency
Hormone produced by...
A)adrenal Gland 
B)pancreas
C)pituitary gland 
D)thyroid gland
A

A

128
Q 
The hormone that is essential to the metabolism of glucose
Hormone produced by...
A)adrenal Gland 
B)pancreas
C)pituitary gland 
D)thyroid gland
A

B

129
Q 
The hormone that increases the percentage of glucose in the blood
Hormone produced by...
A)adrenal Gland 
B)pancreas
C)pituitary gland 
D)thyroid gland
A

B

130
Q 
The hormone that directs another gland to produce its hormone
Hormone produced by...
A)adrenal Gland 
B)pancreas
C)pituitary gland 
D)thyroid gland
A

C

131
Q

In vertebrates the central nervous system is usually defined as the:

A

Brain and spinal cord together with nerves connected directly to them

132
Q

The basic unit of any nervous system is a

A

Neuron

133
Q

Endocrine glands have no ducts their secretions are delivered by the:

A

Bloodstream

134
Q

most chemical substances that help regulate growth development and social activity are known as:

A

Hormones

135
Q

The human liver changes glucose to glycogen and glycogen back to glucose in this way it helps regulate the level of:

A

Glucose in the blood

136
Q

Circulatory system with two well separate divisions one serving the gills or lungs and the other serving the rest of the body is a characteristic of a:

A

Mammal or bird

137
Q

Platelets function in:

A

Blood clotting

138
Q

Most white blood cells destroy:

A

Pathogens

139
Q

Hemoglobin is essential to blood because it combines readily with:

A

Oxygen

140
Q

Red blood cells are red because they:

A

Contain hemoglobin

141
Q

Blood plasma in mammals leaves that capillaries, carrying nutrients and oxygen and flows back with wastes into:

A

Other capillaries

Bio 30 (4 decks)

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