Animal Systems - Unit 4 Flashcards
Summarize the body’s 1st and 2nd line of defense.
1st- mainly physical
- examples: skin, mucous in respiratory tract, acid in stomach, enzymes in tears
2nd- is mobilized if invader takes up residence in the body
- different types of white blood cells (leukocytes) seek out and destroy any potentially destructive agents that have entered the body
Compare veins and arteries.
Veins- carry blood to heart
- low pressure(use valves to steer blood)
Arteries- carry blood away from heart
- largest artery is aorta because it has to pump to the whole body
What are capillaries and their function?
- tiny blood vessels with walls only one cell thick
- connect arteries and veins
- site of fluid and gas exchange
Describe the two parts of the nervous system.
Central nervous system- contains nerves of brain and spinal cord, coordinating center for incoming and outgoing information
Peripheral nervous system- carries information between the organs of the body and the CNS
What are the subcategories of peripheral nervous system? And describe them.
Somatic nerves- contains skeletal muscle, bones, and skin
Autonomic nerves- control internal organs of body
What are the subcategories of somatic nerves?
Sensory nerves and motor nerves
Voluntary
What are the subcategories of autonomic nerves?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Involuntary
Describe the reflex arc.
•reflexes are involuntary and unconscious
•happen before the brain receives message
1. Receptor-senses pain
2. Sensory neuron-sends message to spinal cord
3. Interneuron-(spinal cord) receives info and sends message to motor neuron
4. Motor neuron-activates effector cells
5. Effector-moves away from danger
What hormones are secreted by pituitary? (6)
ACTH, LH, TSH, FSH, growth hormone, prolactin
What hormones are secreted by thyroid gland?
Thyroxin, calcitonin
What is secreted from the parathyroid?
Parathormone
What is secreted from the adrenal glands?
Adrenaline, noradrenaline
What does the pancreas secrete?
Insulin glucagon
What is secreted by the ovaries?
Estrogen, progesterone
What do the testes secrete?
Testosterone
Describe plasma.
Clear straw colored liquid that is 90% water and 10% dissolves substances (plasma proteins)
Compare red blood cells and white blood cells.
Red- transport oxygen, no nucleus, more numerous, red color(have hemoglobin), survive 110-120 days
White- destroy pathogens and aid in the repair of wounds, have a nucleus, less numerous, can move, form antibodies, colorless(no hemoglobin), survive 10 days
Describe the shape and function of platelets.
Aid in blood clotting
Fragments of cells, colorless, disk shaped, no nuclei, survive ~4 days
Describe the main regions of the human brain.
Cerebrum- largest and most highly developed part of brain - sensory info, speech, memory, personality, emotions, etc.
Cerebellum- coordinates muscle movement
Medulla oblongata- (hind brain) joins spinal cord and cerebellum - site of autonomic nerve control (heartbeat, breathing, etc)
The ____ cavity contains the viscera and extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis.
Abdominal
The ____ is the largest and most highly developed part of the human brain.
Cerebrum
The pigment found in the red blood cells is called _____.
Hemoglobin
The _____ secretes enzymes into the small intestine to aid in digestion of proteins, carbs, and lipids.
Pancreas.
Call fragments that aid in blood clotting are called ______.
Platelets
The release of a human egg is called ______.
Ovulation
Another name for nerve cells _____.
Neuron
The female sex hormones are ____ and _____.
Wstrogen and progesterone
The ____ is the largest blood vessel leaving the heart.
Aorta
The clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies is called ____.
Agglutination
The _____ gland is located above each kidney and is associated with fight or flight response.
Adrenal
An early stage of embryo development is called a _____.
Blastocyst
The ______ is a large sheet of muscle separating lungs from abdominal cavity.
Diaphragm
The bottom two chambers of the heart are called _____.
Ventricles
A _____ is the region between two neurons.
Synapses
The sac that contains the testes is the ____.
Scrotum.
The reduction in blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin is a condition called ______.
Anemia
The ______ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries
The ______ contributes to a mucous rich fluid to the seminal fluid.
Coopers gland
The part of the menstrual cycle marked by the shedding of the endometrium is called the _______.
Flow phase
The _______ are structures in the ovary that contain the egg and secrete estrogen.
Follicles
Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins are called _____.
Capillaries
The ___ is a long extension of cytoplasm on one end of a neuron.
Axon
Another word for a Fallopian tube is _____.
Oviduct
The saclike membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is the _____.
Pericardium
The hormone that stimulates milk production is called ______.
Prolactin
The ______ are a gland that secrete fructose into the seminal fluid. This provides energy for the sperm.
Seminal vesicles.
Male hormones and sperm are produced in the _____.
Tested
The _____ are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
Veins
The tube that carries sperm toward the urethra is called the _______.
Vas deferens
The name of the very large vein that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart is called the _____.
Venae cavae
The straw colored liquid that carries red and white blood cells is called the ______. It makes up the majority of our blood.
Plasma
A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that maintains the rate of metabolism is _______.
Thyroxine
The ______ is a passage way for both food and air.
Pharynx
Another name for the master gland of the endocrine system is the _____.
Pituitary gland
The ______ cavity can also be referred to as the chest cavity.
Thoracic.
The epiglottis:
Covers the trachea during swallowing