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Grade 12 Bio > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organelles

A

An internal functional structure that is located within the cytosol of a cell

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2
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A dynamic barrier that surrounds the cytosol of the cell

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3
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

A two-layer membrane that encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

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4
Q

Endomembrane system

A

A group of interacting organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

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5
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

A membrane-bound organelles that is folded into flattened sacs and tubes. and is often an out growth of the nuclear envelope in a eukaryotic cell

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6
Q

Rough ER

A

Areas of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to the surface

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7
Q

Smooth ER

A

Areas of the endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes

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8
Q

Vesicle

A

A small, membrane-bound organelle that may transport, store, or digest substances within a cell

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9
Q

Vacuole

A

A liquid-filled organelle that stores waste and aids in cellular metabolism and water balance

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10
Q

Lysosome

A

A small, membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes that aid in waste disposal

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11
Q

Golgi body

A

An organelle with folded membranes where the final packaging of protein occurs

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12
Q

Mitochondrion

A

An organelle with two membranes; the site of most ATP synthesis during aerobic cellular respiration

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13
Q

Plastid

A

A membrane-bound organelle that is involved in photosynthesis and storage in plants and algae

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14
Q

Chloroplasts

A

A double-membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and pigments that are used to perform photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

Chromoplast

A

An organelle that makes and stores pigments other than chlorophyll

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16
Q

Amyloplast

A

An organelle that stores starch

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A dynamic system of filaments that provides cell structure, helps with cell division, and enables the cell and inner organelles to move around

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18
Q

Microfilament

A

A fibre structure made from actin that is part of the cytoskeleton and is located in the cytosol of cells

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19
Q

Microtubule

A

A long, hollow cylinder that consists of subunits of the protein tubulin that is part of the cytoskeleton and is located in the cytosol of cells

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20
Q

Flagellum

A

A whiplike tail that is used in propulsion of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny hairlike structures that move water and mucus in eukaryotes; used for movement of prokaryotic cells

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22
Q

Cell wall

A

The outer barrier of a plant cell; the cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane and gives structure to the plant

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23
Q

Primary wall

A

A cellulose coating that surrounds a plant cell

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24
Q

Secondary wall

A

A coating that is added to a plant cell; it is more rigid and often thicker than the primary cell wall

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25
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

A molecular system that supports and protects a cell; a cell’s environment

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26
Q

Cell junction

A

A structure that allows cells to interact with each other and the surrounding environment

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27
Q

Cytosol

A

The liquid portion of the cell composed of water, salts, and some macromolecules

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28
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Refers the the liquid and all the internal components of the cell other than the nucleus

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29
Q

Nucleus

A

An organelle that contains almost all the DNA in a eukaryotic cell

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30
Q

Nuclelous

A

A dense, irregularly shaped region where subunits of ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA (rounded mass of proteins and copies of genes for ribosomal RNA)

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31
Q

Chromatin

A

Total collection of all DNA molecules and associated proteins in the nucleus

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32
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Semifluid interior portion of the nucleus

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33
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

A membrane-bound organelle that is folded into flattened sacs and tubes, and is often an outgrowth of the nuclear envelope in a eukaryotic cell

34
Q

Rough ER

A

Areas of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to the surface

35
Q

Smooth ER

A

Areas of the endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes

36
Q

Vesicles

A

A small, membrane-bound organelle that may transport, store, or digest substances within a cell

37
Q

Peroxisomes

A

A type of vesicle that contains enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids

38
Q

Vacuoles

A

A liquid-filled organelle that stores waste and aids in cellular metabolism and water balance

39
Q

Lysosomes

A

A small, membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes that aid in waste disposal

40
Q

Golgi body

A

An organelle with folded membranes where the final packaging of protein occurs

41
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle with two membranes; the site of most ATP synthesis during aerobic cellular respiration

42
Q

Plastids

A

A membrane-bound organelle that is involved in photosynthesis and storage in plants and algae

43
Q

Chloroplast

A

A double-membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and pigments that are used to perform photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells

44
Q

Chromoplasts

A

An organelle that makes and stores pigments other than chlorophyll

45
Q

Amyloplast

A

An organelle that stores starch

46
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A dynamic system of filaments that provides cell structure, helps with cell division, and enables the cell and inner organelles to move around

47
Q

Microfilament

A

A fibre structure made from actin that is a part of the cytoskeleton and is located in the cytosol of cells

48
Q

Microtubule

A

A long, hollow cylinder that consists of the subunits of the protein tubulin

49
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny hairlike structures that move water and mucus in eukaryotes; used for movement of prokaryotic cells

50
Q

Flagellum

A

A whiplike tail that is used in propulsion of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

51
Q

Pseudopods

A

“False feet” in amoebas and other eukaryotic cells that form temporary lobes that bulge outward, move the cell, and engulf a target all forced by elongated microfilaments to move in a steady direction

52
Q

Cell wall

A

The outer barrier of a plant cell; the cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane and gives structure to the plant

53
Q

Primary wall

A

A cellulose coating that surrounds a plant cell

54
Q

Secondary wall

A

A coating that is added to a plant cell wall; it is more rigid and often thicker than the primary cell wall

55
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

A molecular system that supports and protects a cell; a cell’s environment

56
Q

Cell junction

A

A structure that allows cells to interact with each other and the surrounding environment

57
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

The idea that a biological membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer, in which proteins are embedded and float freely

58
Q

Glycolipid

A

Any membrane lipid that is bound to a carb (play role in cell recognition and interaction between two)

59
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A membrane component that contains a sugar or carb bound to an amino acid (play role in cell recognition and interaction between two)

60
Q

Sterol

A

A type of steroid with an OH group at one end and a non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other

61
Q

Integral membrane protein

A

A protein that is embedded in the lipid bilayer

62
Q

Peripheral membrane protein

A

A protein on the surface of the membrane

63
Q

Passive transport

A

The movement of a substance across the membrane without expending energy

64
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

The state in which continuous action results in balanced conditions

65
Q

Simple diffusion

A

The ability of small and non-polar substances to move across a membrane unassisted

66
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The facilitated transport of ions and polar molecules through a membrane via protein complexes

67
Q

Transport protein

A

An integral membrane protein that provides a pathway for molecules to cross a membrane

68
Q

Channel protein

A

A hydrophilic pathway in a membrane that enables water and ions to pass through

69
Q

Carrier protein

A

A protein that binds to a molecule and transports it across the lipid bilayer

70
Q

Osmosis

A

The passive diffusion of water across a membrane

71
Q

Hypotonic

A

The property of a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution

72
Q

Hypertonic

A

The property of a solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution

73
Q

Isotonic

A

The property of a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution

74
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of substances across membranes against their concentration gradient using pumps

75
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

The combined effects of a difference in electrical potential energy and a difference in the concentration gradients of ions

76
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a lower one

77
Q

Voltage (an electrical potential difference)

A

A difference in electrical charge one either side of the membrane

78
Q

Exocytosis

A

The export of materials involving carrying secretory proteins and some waste materials from the cytosol to the exterior of a cell

79
Q

Endocytosis

A

Import such as carrying proteins, larger aggregates of molecules, or even whole cells from the exterior of a cell into the cytosol

80
Q

Pinocytosis (bulk-phase or cell drinking)

A

A form of endocytosis in which extracellular water is taken in, along with any molecules in that solution of water

81
Q

Receptor-mediated

A

A form of endocytosis in which molecules taken in are bound to the outer cell surface by receptor proteins

82
Q

Phagocytosis (cell eating)

A

A form of endocytosis in which cells engulf bacteria, parts of dead cells, viruses, or other foreign particles

Grade 12 Bio (8 decks)

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