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Grade 12 Bio > Biochemistry Chp. 1 > Flashcards

Biochemistry Chp. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Isotope

A

A form of an element that differs in its numbers of neutrons

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2
Q

Radioisotope

A

A radioactive isotope of an element

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3
Q

Orbital

A

A region of space that is occupied by electrons located around the nucleus of an atom

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4
Q

Valence electrons

A

An electron in the outermost energy level or shell of an atom

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5
Q

Ionic bond

A

A bond that results from the attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules

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6
Q

Cation

A

An ion that has a positive charge

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7
Q

Anion

A

An ion that has a negative charge

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8
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

A bond between two atoms, made up of unequally shared electrons

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9
Q

Intermolecular force

A

The force of attraction between two molecules

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10
Q

Polarity

A

Partial positive or negative charge at the ends of a molecule

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11
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

Very weak attractions between two molecules, or parts of molecules, when they are close together

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12
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The attractive force between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom and a partially negatively charged atom in another molecule

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13
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which submits of a larger molecule are joined by the removal of water; also called a condensation reaction

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14
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which water is used as a reactant to split a larger molecule into smaller subunits

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15
Q

Neutralization reaction

A

A reaction in which an acid and a base combine to create a salt and water

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16
Q

Redox reaction

A

An electron transfer reaction

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17
Q

Oxidation

A

A reaction in which a molecule loses electrons

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18
Q

Reduction

A

A reaction in which a molecule gains electrons

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19
Q

Specific heat

A

The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of a substance by 1 degrees Celusis

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20
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other (stick together)

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21
Q

Surface tension

A

Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid (water is pulled together creating the smallest surface area possible)

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22
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules

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23
Q

Buffer

A

A chemical that compensates for pH changes in a solution by accepting or donating H+ ions

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24
Q

Hydrophilic molecules

A

Polar or charged molecules that are strongly attracted to water

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25
Q

Hydrophobic molecules

A

Non-polar molecules that are not strongly attracted to water

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26
Q

Autoionization

A

The process in which a molecule spontaneously dissociates into ions

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27
Q

Strong acid

A

Completely dissociates into an aqueous solution, for example HCI

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28
Q

Strong base

A

Completely dissociates into an aqueous solution, for example NaOH

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29
Q

Weak acid

A

Only partially ionizes in water, for example acetic acid (1.3%)

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30
Q

Weak base

A

Only partially ionizes in water, for example ammonia (10%)

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31
Q

Neutralization reaction

A

When an acid and base react with one another to form neutral products, which are water and a salt

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32
Q

Functional groups

A

A group of atoms that affects the function of a molecule by participating in chemical reactions

33
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A biomolecule that consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

34
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The simplest form of a carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar unit; a building block for more complex carbohydrates (ex. glucose and fructose)

35
Q

Isomer

A

A molecule that has the same composition as another, but a different arrangement of atoms
Ex. glucose, fructose, and galactose

36
Q

Disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate molecule that is made from two monosaccharide units (ex. maltose and lactose)

37
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

A bond between two monosaccharides

38
Q

Complex carbohydrate

A

A molecule that is composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together; an essential part of nutrition and a valuable energy source

39
Q

Polysaccharide molecule

A

A molecule that contains many linked monosaccharides (three or more - ex. starch or cellulose)

40
Q

Polymerization

A

A process in which small subunits are linked to form a large molecule

41
Q

Monomer

A

A small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules

42
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemically in a chain

43
Q

Lipid

A

A nonpolar compound that is made mostly of carbon and hydrogen

44
Q

Fatty acid

A

A molecule that consists of a carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain.

45
Q

Triglyceride

A

A fat; three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule

46
Q

Saturated fat

A

A lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

47
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

A lipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

48
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol

49
Q

Steroid

A

A lipid that is composed of four carbon rings

50
Q

Wax

A

A lipid that is formed when long fatty acid chains are joined to alcohols or carbon rings

51
Q

Protein

A

A large molecule that consists of many amino acid subunits that are joined together by peptide bonds folded into a specific three-dimensional shape

52
Q

Nucleic acid

A

A blueprint for proteins that are synthesized in cells; stores hereditary information

53
Q

Amino acid

A

A molecule that contains a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer subunit of proteins

54
Q

Peptide bond

A

A covalent bond that links amino acids

55
Q

Peptide

A

A chain of amino acid subunits that are connected by peptide bonds

56
Q

Polypeptide

A

A peptide with more than 50 amino acids

57
Q

Denaturation

A

The loss of both the structure and function of a protein

58
Q

Nucleotide

A

The building block of nucleic acids; consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one to three phosphate groups

59
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

A link that is formed between nucleotides by a phosphate bridge

60
Q

Antiparallel

A

Oriented in opposite directions

61
Q

Enzyme

A

A biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a chemical reaction

62
Q

Substrate

A

A substance that is recognized by and binds to an enzyme

63
Q

Active site

A

A pocket or groove in an enzyme that binds its substrate

64
Q

Induced fit model

A

A model of enzyme activity that describes how an enzyme changes shape to better accommodate a substrate

65
Q

Cofactor

A

A non-protein group that binds to an enzyme and is essential for catalytic activity

66
Q

Coenzyme

A

An organic molecule that acts as a cofactor of an enzyme

67
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

A situation in which a competitor substance binds to a normal substrate binding site to block enzyme activity

68
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition

A

A situation in which molecules bind to an enzyme at a site that is not the active site, thus blocking enzyme activity

69
Q

Allosteric site

A

A binding site on an enzyme that binds regulatory molecules

70
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

The regulation of a pathway by one of the products of this pathway

71
Q

Valence

A

The number of chemical bonds an element is capable of forming (ex. carbon can form four)

72
Q

Chemical formula

A

A symbolic representation of an element or compound

(ex. NaCl -table salt). Use subscripts and parentheses to denote the number of atoms in a molecule of the substanc

73
Q

Glucose

A

A monosaccharide with the chemical formula

C6H12O6. Glucose is the primary molecule used during cellular respiration reaction

74
Q

Fibrous protein

A

Long, linear, and narrow proteins that provides strength (repetitive amino acid sequence)
Ex. silk, collagen, and keratin

75
Q

Globular protein

A

Compact, round, and spherical proteins that are good for transport (irrepetitive amino acid sequence - tertiary)
Ex. hemoglobin

76
Q

Protein prosthetic groups

A

A non-protein component that is required for proteins to function
Ex. Oxygen is bound to four heme groups in hemoglobin which are held by polypeptides

77
Q

Catabolic reaction (pathway)

A

A pathway in which energy is released and complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules
Ex. cellular respiration

78
Q

Anabolic reaction (pathway)

A

A pathway in which energy is supplied to build complex molecules from simple molecules
Ex. photosynthesis or the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids

Grade 12 Bio (8 decks)

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