cell structure and function

Question 1

what are elements common to all living cells

Answer 1

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
chromosomes
ribosomes
cytoskeleton

Question 2

what are all cells surrounded by

Answer 2

the plasma membrane

Question 3

what is the plasma membrane

Answer 3

a bilayer made of phospholipid molecules with embedded protein molecules

Question 4

what kind of membrane is the plasma membrane

Answer 4

semi-permeable - control the flow of substances into and out of the cell

Question 5

what is the lipid bilayer

Answer 5

a hydrophobic barrier to water soluble substances

Question 6

what is cytosol

Answer 6

aqueous portion of the cytoplasm in an intact cells, containing water, dissolved ions and various organic molecules

Question 7

what are prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

bacteria and archea

Question 8

what are eukaryotic cells

Answer 8

animals
plants
fungi
protists

Question 9

where is DNA stored in prokaryotic cells

Answer 9

nuceloid

Question 10

what do prokaryotic cells lack

Answer 10

membrane bound organelles

Question 11

what are 3 common shapes in prokaryotic cells

Answer 11

spherical, rodlike, spiral

Question 12

what is the shape of DNA in prokaryotic cells

Answer 12

single, circular molecule

Question 13

when the polysaccharides surrounding the plasma membrane are attached its called what

Answer 13

a capsule

Question 14

what do the molecular systems in the plasma membrane do

Answer 14

metabolize food molecules into chemical energy of ATP

Question 15

t or f prokaryotic cytoskeletons maintain cell shape and function in cell division

Answer 15

true

Question 16

how do prokaryotic cells move

Answer 16

long flagella

Question 17

what does the bacterial flagellum do

Answer 17

rotates in a socket and pushes the cell through a liquid medium

Question 18

what do the pili do

Answer 18

like velcro, attatch to the surface of other cells

Question 19

what are plasmids

Answer 19

circles of DNA that replicate independently of the chromosomes

Question 20

what is the purpose of organelles

Answer 20

energy metabolism, molecular synthesis, store and transport

Question 21

where are eukaryotic ribosomes

Answer 21

free in cytosol or attached to membranes

Question 22

what does the end-membrane system do

Answer 22

divides the cytoplasm into functional and structural compartments

Question 23

where does cellular respiration occur

Answer 23

mitochondria

Question 24

what are in animal cells but not plant cells

Answer 24

lysosomes, centrioles and flagella

Question 25

what are in plant cells but not animal cells

Answer 25

chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall

Question 26

what is the nuclear envelope

Answer 26

made up of 2 lipid bilayer membranes in eukaryotic cells it surrounds the nucleus

Question 27

what is the nuclear pore

Answer 27

protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 28

what does the nucleus do

Answer 28

assembles ribosomes

Question 29

what is chromatin

Answer 29

complex of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Question 30

what are ribosomes

Answer 30

particles made up of ribosomal RNA and proteins

Question 31

where do ribosomes carry out protein synthesis

Answer 31

cytosol and outside the ER

Question 32

what are the components of the end-membrane system (6)

Answer 32

nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles plasma membrane

Question 33

what is the function of the rough ER

Answer 33

involved with modifications and folding of proteins which are distributed by transport vesicles membrane factory for the cell

Question 34

what does the smooth ER do

Answer 34

synthesize lipids regulates CHO metabolism stores calcium detoxifies toxins and drugs

Question 35

what does the Golgi apparatus consist of

Answer 35

flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

Question 36

what is the function of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 36

modifies products of the ER manufactures certain macromolecules sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Question 37

what is the Golgi apparatus known as

Answer 37

the shipping and receiving centre.

Question 38

what are lysosomes known as in the cell

Answer 38

digestive compartments

Question 39

what does a lysosome consist of

Answer 39

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes

Question 40

what do lysosomes do

Answer 40

hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acid

Question 41

what do lysosomes use to recycle organelles

Answer 41

enzymes; process called autophagy

Question 42

what is phagocytosis

Answer 42

cellular process by which a cell uses the plasma membrane and engulfs a large particle

Question 43

what does autophagy do

Answer 43

conserved deflation of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components allows deflation and recycling of cellular components

Question 44

what do vesicles do

Answer 44

form by exocytosis, uptake endocytosis and the transport of materials within the cell membrane

Question 45

how are food vacuoles formed

Answer 45

phagocytosis

Question 46

what do contractile vacuoles do

Answer 46

pump excess water out of the cell

Question 47

what do central vacuoles do

Answer 47

hold organic compounds and water

Question 48

another way to remember end-membrane system

Answer 48

organization of cell

Question 49

what are the mitochondria's

Answer 49

sites of cellular respiration

Question 50

what are chloroplasts

Answer 50

only found in plants and animals site of photosynthesis

Question 51

t or f mitochondria and chloroplasts are not part of the end-membrane system

Answer 51

true

Question 52

what are peroxisomes

Answer 52

oxidative organelles

Question 53

what is the structure of the mitochondria

Answer 53

outer membrane and inner membrane folded into cristae

Question 54

what do the two inner membranes create in the mitochondria

Answer 54

inter membrane space and mitochondrial matrix

Question 55

what does cristae do

Answer 55

area for enzymes to sysnthesize ATP

Question 56

t or f chloroplasts are part of a family of organelles called plastids

Answer 56

true

Question 57

what do chloroplasts contain

Answer 57

chlorophyll and enzymes that function in photosynthesis

Question 58

what do peroxisomes do

Answer 58

produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water

Question 59

what are microtubules

Answer 59

the thickest of 3 components of the cell

Question 60

what are microfilaments (actin filaments)

Answer 60

the thinest components

Question 61

what are intermediate filaments

Answer 61

filers

Question 62

what does the cytoskeleton do

Answer 62

interacts with motor proteins to proud motility helps regulate biochemical activities vesicles can travel along monorails provided by cytoskeleton

Question 63

what is the function of microtubules

Answer 63

shaping cell guiding movement of organelles separating chromosomes during cell division making internal structure of cilia and flagella

Question 64

what are cilia and flagella

Answer 64

motile cellular appendages found in mostly animals aid in cell movement

Question 65

what do microfilaments do

Answer 65

actin works with myosin to regulate muscle movements, cell division they form a 3D network just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cells shape

Question 66

what are plant cell walls made up of

Answer 66

cellulose fibres embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins

Question 67

what is plasmadosmata

Answer 67

channels between adjacent plant cells

Question 68

what is the ECM made of

Answer 68

glycoproteins and macromolecules

Question 69

what is the function of the ECM

Answer 69

support adhesion movement regulation

Question 70

what are tight junctions

Answer 70

membranes of neighbouring cells that are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

Question 71

what are desmosomes

Answer 71

the anchoring junction fasten cells together into strong sheets

Question 72

what are gap junctions

Answer 72

communicating junctions provide cytoplasmic channels