CELL: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Flashcards
it is self replicating structure
cell
discovered the first cells from a slice of cork
Robert Hooke
when did robert hooke observe the cells from a cork
1665
parts of an animal cell
mitochondrion
golgi complex
ribosome
vacuole
peroxisome
centriole
cell membrane
cytoplasm
lysosome
endoplasmic reticulum
DNA
nucleus
it produces energy for cells to use by breaking down substances during oxidative metabolism
mitochondrion
collects, pachages and disributes molecules made in the cell
golgi complex
tiny protein producing factories, proteins produces chemical messages that run a cell
ribosome
tiny organs that help the cell divide
centriole
made up of a double layer of fatty material It allows some materials to pass into and out teh cell at thousands of places across the surface. It allows foods to pass into the cell and waste to pass out to the cell
cell membrane
storage area from fats and other substances
vacuole
jelly-like fluid between cell membrane and the nucleus this i shwere all the organelles are found
cytoplasm
vesicle that contains enzymes thatr carry our particular reactions, such as detoxifying potentially harmful molecules
peroxisome
Cell’s control center
nucleus
where digestion of cell nutrients takes place
lysosome
smooth and rough tubes that move and store material made by the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
what year was cell theory proposed
1839
it states that all living things are made up of cell
cells are the smallest working unit of all living things
all cells coe from pre-existig cells through cell division
cell theory
70-80% of ___ is present in cell
water
it is when different substances that me a cell colectively are called
protoplasm
proposed the cell theory
matthais schleiden, theodor schwann, and rudolf virchow
contains coded information that passes on every single inherited characteristic
DNA
protoplasm is composed of 5 —
water
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
electrolytes
3 major structure pressent in a cell
cell mmebran e
cytoplasm an its organelles
nucleus
a thin pialble elastic outermost structure which envelops the cell
cell membrane
it consist of bilipid layer with embedded proteins
cell membrane
2 proteins embedded in the cell membrane
intergal proteins
peripheral proteins
two molecules in selective permeability
non-polar molecules
polar molecules
have much lower solubility and can pentrat the membrane much more slowly
polar molecules
5 functions of cell membrane
protective
digestive
slective permeabilty
chemical and physical properties
insulatig properties
takes in food and excretes waste products
digestive
it acts as dielectric material of a charged condeser thus cell membrane have very high insulating value
insulating properties
forms outermost boundary of the cell organelles
protective
regions of the membrane and move rapidly across the membrane
non-polar molecules
part of the membrane that controls the free pasafe of ions in and out of cell. this property helps in maintaining components in ICF aND ecf
chemical and physical properties
links adjacent cells together by junctional complexes to form tissues
chemical and physical properties
they are bounded by the plasma memberane and contains many organelles in a eukaryotic cell
cytoplasm
the 3 constituent parts of cytoplasm are —-
cytosol
cell organelles
cytoplasmic inculsions
it is the aqueous part of the cytoplasm outside all of the organelles and it contains its own distinticive proteins
cytosol
it is a thick gel-like semitransparent fluis that is founs in both animal and plant cell
cytoplasm
it accounts for almots 70% of the total cell volume
cytosol
it is a gelayinous subtsance consisting of mainly cytoskeleton filaments organic molecules salt and water
cytosol
6 organelles present in the cytoplasm
mitochondria
lysosome
peroxisome
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
vacuole
were first observer by Kolliker in 1850 as a granular structure in the stirated muscles
mitonchondria
it is filamentus or globular in shape
mitochondria
are call the powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
the space between outer and inner membranes
intermediate space
5 components of mitonchondria
outer membrane
inner membrane
intermediate space
cristae
matrix
infoldings of inner membrane
cristae
the space enclosed by inner memebrane
matrix
its membrane are made up of phospholipis and proteins
mitochondria
what part of the mitchondria contains large numbers of integral membrane proteins called porins
outermost membrane
large number of integral membrane proteins
porins
they are studded with enzymes concerned with biological oxidation
outemost membrane
it cintains enzymes concerned with citric acid cylce and respiratory chain oxidation
interior matrix
mitochondria has some protein synthesizes by ====
mitochondrial DNA
these are major metabolic pathways involved in oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids and part of special biosynthetuc pathways involving urea and heme synthesis are located in inner matrix
interior matrix
functions for energy transduction through respiration
mitochondria
its ultimate pupose is oxidative phosphorylation and sythesis of ATP
inner membrane of mitochondria
it contains ATPase and other enzymes concerned with synthesis and metabolism of ATP and contains enzymes of elctron transport chain
inner membrane of mitochondria
it is responsible for thermogenesis
mitochondria
important to maintain proper concentration of calcium ions within the various compartments of the cell
mitochondria
power generating unit of the cells
mitochondria
these are a netwrom of tubular and flat vesicualr structures in the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
an extensive network of closed flattened membrane-bounded sacs are called
cisternae
2 types of endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
space inside tubes of er is filled with
endoplasmic matrix
consists of multiple discrete compartmets
golgi bodies
it is where ribosome are absent and its site of synthesis of lipis and sterios hormones and are mainly present in lipid formiung cells
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
for protein segregation
endoplasmic reticulum
contains ribosomes its site if proteain synthesis prcoessing and packaging and is mainly present in protein forming cells
rough endoplasmic reticulum
golgi bodies has 3 regions which are
the cis golgi network
golgi stack
the trans golgi network
for unsaturation of fatty acids
endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes proteins
endoplasmic reticulum
a collection of membrane enclosed sacs composed of four or more stacked layer sof thin, flat enclosed vessel lying near the side of the nucleus
golgi bodies
it is the wrapping and packaging department of the cell
golgi bodies
produces secreation granules membrane enclosed complexes and store hormones and enzymes i th eprotein secreting cells it packages proteins
golgi bodies
adds carbohydrates for glycoproteins to form tissues
golgi bodies
it is the site formation of lysosomes
golgi bodies
more acidic that rest of the cytoplasm and external bacteria as well as worn out cell components are digested in them
lysosome
are irregular structures surrounded by the unit membrane
lysosome
it acts as a form of digestive sytesm of the cell because ensymes present in it can digest esssentially all macromolecules
lysosome
its interior is kept near acidic
lysosome
they are cell hydrolases and tehy function best at the acidic pH
lysosome
engulfs exogenous substances
lysosome
engulfs worn out component of the cells in which they are located
lysosome
urate oxidase crystalline core
peroxisomes
also known as sucidal bags
lysosome
a liid bilayer membrane surruounds which regulates what enters or exits the —
peroxisomes
its structure is similar of lysosome but with a different composition
peroxisomes
helps in
metabolism and detoxification
photorespiration in plants
biosynthesis of bile acids in liver
synthesis of plasmalogens
peroxisomes
a system of fiber that only maintains teh sturctures of the cell but also permit it to change shape and move
cytoskeleton
produces oxidases and catalases degrades hydrogen peroxide to yield water and oxygen
peroxisomes
it can be formed by the budding of ER or by division
peroxisomes
protein chaperones that are directed by a uniques signal sequence
peroxins
they are 8-14nm in diameter and are made up of various sub units, they form a felixible scaffolding or cell and help it resist external pressure
intermediate filaments
cytoskeleton is primarily made up of 3 components
microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments
these are long hollow structures, shapes like a spindle ad movemnt of chromosimes and centrioles as well as in ciliary and flagellar motion
microtubules
contains chromatin rna and nuclear proteins that move freely in aqueous solution
nucleus
they are long solid fibers 4-6 nm in diameter thay comprise the contractile protein actin and are responsible for the cell motion
microfilaments
they are
involved in the movement of the chromosomes
cell movement
processes that move secretion granule in the cells
movement of proteins within the cell membrane
cytoskeleton
