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AP BIOLOGY > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

Unit 2

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1
Q

Components

Ribosomes

What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?

A

Ribosomes are rRna and produce protiens. They can either be attatched to Rough ER or free floating in cytoplasma.

In Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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2
Q

Components

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
(Smooth and rough)

What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?

A

There are two types:
Rogugh ER - studded with Ribosomes connected with Nucleus. This is where protiens are prepared to be shipped.
Smooth ER - detoxification of waste and makes lipids.

Only in eukaryotes

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3
Q

Components

Golgi Complex

What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?

A

Folds and packaging of proteins to ship them as vesicles into the cell.

Only in eukaryotes

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4
Q

Components

Mitochondria

What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?

A

Produces ATP for cell by converting food into energy. Used in Cellular Resperation.

Both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Has a double membrane caused by endocytosis.

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5
Q

Components

Lysosomes

What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?

A

Break down and digests stuff in cell. Lysosomes signal for apoptosis for the balance and good of the cell.

Only in eukaryotes

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6
Q

Components

Hydrolytic Enzymes

What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?

A

Hydrolases, proteins that break down other molecules into smaller fragments. Through hydroloysis reactions by adding water to one large molecule to break it into multiple smaller molecules.

Occurs in Lysosomes.

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7
Q

Components

Vacuole

What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?

A

Water storage in plant and animal cells.
Plant cells: vacuoles take up 90% of plant space and cause turgor pressure (Perkiness)
Animal cells: are smaller and have multiple little ones vs one big one

Only in eukaryotes

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8
Q

Components

Chloroplasts

What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?

A

Chloroplasts are apart of of the photosynthesis in plants by processing sun and producing sugar. Chloroplasts are what make plants green.

Only in prokaryotes

Has a double membrane caused by endocytosis.

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9
Q

Components

Glycosylation

What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?

A
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10
Q

Cell Structure and Function

Protien Syntheis

What is it? Where does it happen?

A
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11
Q

Cell Structure and Function

Membrane-bound ribosomes

What does it do? Where is it

A
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12
Q

Cell Structure and Function

Intracellular transport

What does it do? Where does it happen?

A
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13
Q

Cell Structure and Function

Metabolic Reactions
(Mitrochondria)

What does it do? Where does it happen?

A
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14
Q

Cell Structure and Function

Hydrolytic enzymes

What does it do? Where does it happen?

A
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15
Q

Cell Structure and Function

Intracellular digestion

What does it do? Where does it happen?

A
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16
Q

Cell Structure and Function

Apoptosis

What does it do? Where does it happen?

A

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death or “cellular suicide.” This occures when a cell has a mutation and needs to die for the good of the cell.

The Enzymes called caspases causes Apoptosis and Lysomoes are important.

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17
Q

Cell Structure and Function

Cellular Waste Products

What does it do? Where does it happen?

A
18
Q

Cell Structure and Function

Turgor Pressure

What does it do? Where does it happen?

A

Pressure from fluid within the cell pushing against the cell wall in plant cells.

19
Q

Cell Size

Surface Are to Volume Ratio

What is it? What does it do?

A

Cell size is limited by the ratio of surface area to voulme. Increasing the ratio increases the rate of diffusion, cells must maximze the ration to efficenntly transport nutriens and waste in and out of the cell.

It is why cells can’t get to large

To maximze cells surface area cells by flattening, elongation, folding or hair-like projections.

20
Q

Cell Size

Membrane Folds

What is it? What does it do?

A

Increases a cells surface to voulme ratios to improve diffusion efficiency.

21
Q

Cell Size

Energy and Heat Exchanges

What does it do?

A
22
Q

Plasma Membrane

Phospholipid

A
23
Q

Plasma Membrane

Hydrophobic fatty acids

A
24
Q

Plasma Membrane

Hydrophilic phosphate

A
25
Q

Plasma Membrane

Embedded Proteins

A
26
Q

Plasma Membrane

Fluid Mosaic Model

What is it? what does it do?

A

Hydrogen bonds and the polar interaction are the only thing keeping the memebrane together.

Proteins can embed into the hydrophobic layer.

27
Q

Plasma Membrane

Steriods
(Cholesterol)

A
28
Q

Plasma Membrane

Glycoprotiens

A
29
Q

Plasma Membrane

Glycolipid

A
30
Q

Membrane Permeability

Selective Permeability

A
31
Q

Membrane Permeability

Cell Walls

A
32
Q

Membrane Transport

Passive Transport

What is it? What is simple diffusion?

A

Passive transport is a type of Simple difusion. Where non-polar molecules could pass through membrane with no energy needed.

Moleucules move from High to Low concentraion due to random collisions.

33
Q

Membrane Transport

Active Transport

What is it?

A

Active transport is a “pump” moving molecules against the high to low concentration gradient. It requires ATP.

34
Q

Membrane Transport

Endocytosis

What is it? Why does it matter?

A

Endocytosis is a type of active transport that moves particles, such as large molecules, parts of cells, and even whole cells, into a cell, by fusing in.

Scientis use this as an explaination to how mitochondria and chloroplats exsist as endosymbiosis, when two organisms live together with one inside the other.

35
Q

Membrane Transport

Exoctytosis

What is it? Why does it matter?

A

Exocytosis is the process of exporting material out of the cell.

Vesicles containing substances fuse with the plasma membrane and the contents are released to the exterior of the cell.

36
Q

Facilitaed Diffusion

Aquaporins

What is it and what is it for?

A

Aquaporins are a type of protein channel that is specific to water in the cell membrane.

37
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

Charged Ions

What are they from? Why do they matter?

A

Charged Ions are made when water lose a hydrogen and they are sent through Electron Transport Channels to use their energy to create power ATP production in Photosynthesis.

38
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

Na+

How is it commonly used?

A

Sodium ions (Na +) are necessary in small amounts for some types of plants

Works with K+

Commonlly used to change the concentration gradiant outside of a transport channel to open or close it.

39
Q

Facilitated DIffusion

K+

What is it commonly used for?

A

Potassium is the major cation (K+, a positive-ion) inside animal cell

Works with Na+

Commonlly used to change the concentration gradiant outside of a transport channel to open or close it.

40
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

ATP

What is it?

A

ATP is Adenosine TriPhosphate, three phosphates group together to provide energy to the organism.

41
Q

Facillitated Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

What is it compared to simple diffusion?

A

Facilitaed diffusion is when a molecules goes in/out of the cell with a protien channle.

Facilitated diffusion requires ATP while simple diffusion does not.

AP BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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