Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
Unit 2
Components
Ribosomes
What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?
Ribosomes are rRna and produce protiens. They can either be attatched to Rough ER or free floating in cytoplasma.
In Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Components
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
(Smooth and rough)
What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?
There are two types:
Rogugh ER - studded with Ribosomes connected with Nucleus. This is where protiens are prepared to be shipped.
Smooth ER - detoxification of waste and makes lipids.
Only in eukaryotes
Components
Golgi Complex
What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?
Folds and packaging of proteins to ship them as vesicles into the cell.
Only in eukaryotes
Components
Mitochondria
What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?
Produces ATP for cell by converting food into energy. Used in Cellular Resperation.
Both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Has a double membrane caused by endocytosis.
Components
Lysosomes
What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?
Break down and digests stuff in cell. Lysosomes signal for apoptosis for the balance and good of the cell.
Only in eukaryotes
Components
Hydrolytic Enzymes
What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?
Hydrolases, proteins that break down other molecules into smaller fragments. Through hydroloysis reactions by adding water to one large molecule to break it into multiple smaller molecules.
Occurs in Lysosomes.
Components
Vacuole
What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?
Water storage in plant and animal cells.
Plant cells: vacuoles take up 90% of plant space and cause turgor pressure (Perkiness)
Animal cells: are smaller and have multiple little ones vs one big one
Only in eukaryotes
Components
Chloroplasts
What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?
Chloroplasts are apart of of the photosynthesis in plants by processing sun and producing sugar. Chloroplasts are what make plants green.
Only in prokaryotes
Has a double membrane caused by endocytosis.
Components
Glycosylation
What is it? Where is it found? What does it do?
Cell Structure and Function
Protien Syntheis
What is it? Where does it happen?
Cell Structure and Function
Membrane-bound ribosomes
What does it do? Where is it
Cell Structure and Function
Intracellular transport
What does it do? Where does it happen?
Cell Structure and Function
Metabolic Reactions
(Mitrochondria)
What does it do? Where does it happen?
Cell Structure and Function
Hydrolytic enzymes
What does it do? Where does it happen?
Cell Structure and Function
Intracellular digestion
What does it do? Where does it happen?
Cell Structure and Function
Apoptosis
What does it do? Where does it happen?
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death or “cellular suicide.” This occures when a cell has a mutation and needs to die for the good of the cell.
The Enzymes called caspases causes Apoptosis and Lysomoes are important.
Cell Structure and Function
Cellular Waste Products
What does it do? Where does it happen?
Cell Structure and Function
Turgor Pressure
What does it do? Where does it happen?
Pressure from fluid within the cell pushing against the cell wall in plant cells.
Cell Size
Surface Are to Volume Ratio
What is it? What does it do?
Cell size is limited by the ratio of surface area to voulme. Increasing the ratio increases the rate of diffusion, cells must maximze the ration to efficenntly transport nutriens and waste in and out of the cell.
It is why cells can’t get to large
To maximze cells surface area cells by flattening, elongation, folding or hair-like projections.
Cell Size
Membrane Folds
What is it? What does it do?
Increases a cells surface to voulme ratios to improve diffusion efficiency.
Cell Size
Energy and Heat Exchanges
What does it do?
Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid
Plasma Membrane
Hydrophobic fatty acids
Plasma Membrane
Hydrophilic phosphate
Plasma Membrane
Embedded Proteins
Plasma Membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model
What is it? what does it do?
Hydrogen bonds and the polar interaction are the only thing keeping the memebrane together.
Proteins can embed into the hydrophobic layer.
Plasma Membrane
Steriods
(Cholesterol)
Plasma Membrane
Glycoprotiens
Plasma Membrane
Glycolipid
Membrane Permeability
Selective Permeability
Membrane Permeability
Cell Walls
Membrane Transport
Passive Transport
What is it? What is simple diffusion?
Passive transport is a type of Simple difusion. Where non-polar molecules could pass through membrane with no energy needed.
Moleucules move from High to Low concentraion due to random collisions.
Membrane Transport
Active Transport
What is it?
Active transport is a “pump” moving molecules against the high to low concentration gradient. It requires ATP.
Membrane Transport
Endocytosis
What is it? Why does it matter?
Endocytosis is a type of active transport that moves particles, such as large molecules, parts of cells, and even whole cells, into a cell, by fusing in.
Scientis use this as an explaination to how mitochondria and chloroplats exsist as endosymbiosis, when two organisms live together with one inside the other.
Membrane Transport
Exoctytosis
What is it? Why does it matter?
Exocytosis is the process of exporting material out of the cell.
Vesicles containing substances fuse with the plasma membrane and the contents are released to the exterior of the cell.
Facilitaed Diffusion
Aquaporins
What is it and what is it for?
Aquaporins are a type of protein channel that is specific to water in the cell membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion
Charged Ions
What are they from? Why do they matter?
Charged Ions are made when water lose a hydrogen and they are sent through Electron Transport Channels to use their energy to create power ATP production in Photosynthesis.
Facilitated Diffusion
Na+
How is it commonly used?
Sodium ions (Na +) are necessary in small amounts for some types of plants
Works with K+
Commonlly used to change the concentration gradiant outside of a transport channel to open or close it.
Facilitated DIffusion
K+
What is it commonly used for?
Potassium is the major cation (K+, a positive-ion) inside animal cell
Works with Na+
Commonlly used to change the concentration gradiant outside of a transport channel to open or close it.
Facilitated Diffusion
ATP
What is it?
ATP is Adenosine TriPhosphate, three phosphates group together to provide energy to the organism.
Facillitated Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
What is it compared to simple diffusion?
Facilitaed diffusion is when a molecules goes in/out of the cell with a protien channle.
Facilitated diffusion requires ATP while simple diffusion does not.
