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Biology > Cell Structure And Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure And Function Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are molecules made up of?

A

Molecules are 2 or more atoms joined together

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2
Q

Protons? Neutrons? Electrons?

A 
Protons= positively charged particles; tightly packed in nucleus
Neutrons= neutral particles (no charge); tightly packed in nucleus
Electrons= negatively charged particles; moves quickly around the nucleus
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3
Q

Atomic Number

A

number of protons and electrons in the nucleus of an atom

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4
Q

Mass number

A

total number of protons and nuetrons in an atom

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5
Q

Element

A

a pure substance composed of one single type of atom

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6
Q

Compound

A

a combination of two or more elements in the same ratio

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7
Q

Mixtures

A

2 or more substances are physically mixed but not chemically combined

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8
Q

Homogeneous Mixtures?

Heterogeneous Mixtures?

A
  • has the same compounds and properties evenly throughout the sample
  • does not have the same composition and properties throughout the sample
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9
Q

Valence Shell

A

the outermost shell of an atom that contain atoms

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10
Q

What does the Valence shell characterize for the element?

A

It shows us the personality of the element. It gives us the reactivity, and the tendency to form bonds with other elements.

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11
Q

Covalent bonds?

A

The covalent bond is the strongest type of bond, two atoms share valence electrons

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12
Q

non-polar covalent bonds?

polar covalent bonds?

A
  1. electrons are being shared equally among the atoms

2. the electrons are not shared equally among the atoms

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13
Q

Ionic bonds?

A

The ionic bond is the weak type of bond, two atoms fight for the electron and one steals the electron

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14
Q

ion

A

an atom in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons.

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15
Q

cation

A

if a neutral atom loses one or more electrons, it has a positive charge

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16
Q

anion

A

if a atom gains electrons, it has a negative charge

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17
Q

inorganic compounds

A

deprived from non-living things, does not contain carbon

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18
Q

organic compounds

A

contains carbon, and comes from living things

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19
Q

Carbon Facts!!

A
  • forms large amount of compounds
  • atomic number 6
  • cannot gain or lose electrons
  • known to form 10 millions compounds
  • can form very large compounds
  • 4th most common element in the universe
  • 2nd most common in the human body
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20
Q 
carbohydrates?
lipids?
proteins?
nucleic acids?
water?
A
  1. source of energy
  2. source and storage of energy
  3. required for the structure, functions and regulation of body tissue and organs
  4. genetic material
  5. involved in dissolving substances
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21
Q

high specific heat

A

it can take in heat or lose heat without changing temperature

22
Q

Universal Solvent?

A

The universal solvent is water because it is capable at dissolving more substances than any other liquids
- does not dissolve non-polar molecules

23
Q

Polarity?

A

The polarity of the water allows the water to be attracted to many other molecules.

24
Q

Cohesion

A

water is attracted to water

25
Q

Adhesion

A

water is attracted to other substances

26
Q

Capillary Action

A

adhesion of water to the walls of a vessel will cause an upward force on the liquid at the edges.

27
Q

Cell

A

basic structural and functional unit of all living things .

28
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

A

Prokaryotic is unicellular and Eukaryotic is unicellular and multicellular and also complex

  • Prokaryotic has a no nucleus and Eukaryotic has a nucleus
  • prokaryotic multiply by binary fission
29
Q

Bacteria

A
  • fixate nitrogen into soil

- break down and digests food

30
Q

Prokaryotic Shapes

A 
cocci= spherical
Bacll= rod shaped
splrochaete= spiral shaped
vibrio= comma shaped
31
Q

Solute vs Solvent

A

The solute is the substance that is being dissolved and the solvent is the dissolving substance.

32
Q

pH

A

measures the substance acidity

33
Q

buffers

A

Buffers work by neutralizing any added acid (H+ ions) or base (OH- ions) to maintain the moderate pH, making them a weaker acid or base.

34
Q

H+=OH

A

Nuetral

35
Q

H+>OH

A

Acid

36
Q

H+

A

Base

37
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Passive Transport = no energy needed
  • particles moved —> O2, CO2
  • They are moving through the lipid bi-layer
  • the particles are diffusing through the membrane until the concentration in/out of the cell are balanced
38
Q

Osmosis

A
  • passive transport
  • particles moved —>H2O
  • it is moving through the lipid bi-layer
  • water is moving through the membrane until concentration in/out of the cell are equilibrium
39
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • passive transport
  • particles moved are glucose, sodium, potassium, calcium
  • it is moving through the protein channel
  • particle move from high to low concentration through the protein channel
40
Q

Molecular Transport

A
  • active transport
  • particles moved are calcium, sodium, and potassium
  • it is moving through the protein pump
  • the cell uses energy to pump the particles against the concentration
41
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • active transport
  • large molecules or clumps of material such as glucose
  • it is moving through the whole membrane
  • the particles are too big to fit through the proteins or lipids so the cell membrane folds over the particles
42
Q

Excocytosis

A
  • active transport
  • large molecules or clumps of material such as glucose
  • it is moving through the whole membrane
  • the membrane fold and punches together to allow the particles to escape
43
Q

protein function

A

Antibodies – identify and neutralize foreign objects like
bacteria and viruses.
Enzymes – carry out almost all chemical reactions that
take place in cells. They also help make new molecules
by reading the genetic information stored in DNA.
Messenger – transmit signals to coordinate biological
processes between different cells, tissues, and organs.
Structural – provide support for cells and help the body
to move
Transport/storage – attach and carry around atoms and
small molecules throughout the body

44
Q

Hydrophilic?

Hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic: Having an affinity for water; able to absorb, or be wetted by
water, “water-loving.”

Hydrophobic: Lacking an affinity for water; unable to absorb, or be wetted by
water, “water-fearing.”

45
Q

Cell membrane

A

Its main function is

to protect the cell from its environment.

46
Q

ribosomes

A

this is where proteins are created

47
Q

cytoplasm

A

a gel-like substance that contains

the cell’s components

48
Q

chloroplast

A

are the food producers of the cell. Chloroplasts work to
convert light energy of the Sun into
sugars that can be used by cells.

49
Q

nucleus

A

controls the cell activity

50
Q

nucleolus

A

made of RNA and protein, where the ribosomes are created

51
Q

mitochondria

A

Mitochondria make energy for cells from the chemical energy stored in the food we eat.

52
Q

golgi

A

is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging of lipids & protein

Biology (7 decks)

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