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Cell Structure And Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are molecules made up of?

A

Molecules are 2 or more atoms joined together

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2
Q

Protons? Neutrons? Electrons?

A 
Protons= positively charged particles; tightly packed in nucleus
Neutrons= neutral particles (no charge); tightly packed in nucleus
Electrons= negatively charged particles; moves quickly around the nucleus
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3
Q

Atomic Number

A

number of protons and electrons in the nucleus of an atom

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4
Q

Mass number

A

total number of protons and nuetrons in an atom

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5
Q

Element

A

a pure substance composed of one single type of atom

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6
Q

Compound

A

a combination of two or more elements in the same ratio

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7
Q

Mixtures

A

2 or more substances are physically mixed but not chemically combined

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8
Q

Homogeneous Mixtures?

Heterogeneous Mixtures?

A
  • has the same compounds and properties evenly throughout the sample
  • does not have the same composition and properties throughout the sample
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9
Q

Valence Shell

A

the outermost shell of an atom that contain atoms

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10
Q

What does the Valence shell characterize for the element?

A

It shows us the personality of the element. It gives us the reactivity, and the tendency to form bonds with other elements.

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11
Q

Covalent bonds?

A

The covalent bond is the strongest type of bond, two atoms share valence electrons

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12
Q

non-polar covalent bonds?

polar covalent bonds?

A
  1. electrons are being shared equally among the atoms

2. the electrons are not shared equally among the atoms

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13
Q

Ionic bonds?

A

The ionic bond is the weak type of bond, two atoms fight for the electron and one steals the electron

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14
Q

ion

A

an atom in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons.

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15
Q

cation

A

if a neutral atom loses one or more electrons, it has a positive charge

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16
Q

anion

A

if a atom gains electrons, it has a negative charge

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17
Q

inorganic compounds

A

deprived from non-living things, does not contain carbon

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18
Q

organic compounds

A

contains carbon, and comes from living things

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19
Q

Carbon Facts!!

A
  • forms large amount of compounds
  • atomic number 6
  • cannot gain or lose electrons
  • known to form 10 millions compounds
  • can form very large compounds
  • 4th most common element in the universe
  • 2nd most common in the human body
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20
Q 
carbohydrates?
lipids?
proteins?
nucleic acids?
water?
A
  1. source of energy
  2. source and storage of energy
  3. required for the structure, functions and regulation of body tissue and organs
  4. genetic material
  5. involved in dissolving substances
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21
Q

high specific heat

A

it can take in heat or lose heat without changing temperature

22
Q

Universal Solvent?

A

The universal solvent is water because it is capable at dissolving more substances than any other liquids
- does not dissolve non-polar molecules

23
Q

Polarity?

A

The polarity of the water allows the water to be attracted to many other molecules.

24
Q

Cohesion

A

water is attracted to water

25
Adhesion
water is attracted to other substances
26
Capillary Action
adhesion of water to the walls of a vessel will cause an upward force on the liquid at the edges.
27
Cell
basic structural and functional unit of all living things .
28
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic is unicellular and Eukaryotic is unicellular and multicellular and also complex - Prokaryotic has a no nucleus and Eukaryotic has a nucleus - prokaryotic multiply by binary fission
29
Bacteria
- fixate nitrogen into soil | - break down and digests food
30
Prokaryotic Shapes
``` cocci= spherical Bacll= rod shaped splrochaete= spiral shaped vibrio= comma shaped ```
31
Solute vs Solvent
The solute is the substance that is being dissolved and the solvent is the dissolving substance.
32
pH
measures the substance acidity
33
buffers
Buffers work by neutralizing any added acid (H+ ions) or base (OH- ions) to maintain the moderate pH, making them a weaker acid or base.
34
H+=OH
Nuetral
35
H+>OH
Acid
36
H+
Base
37
Diffusion
- Passive Transport = no energy needed - particles moved ---> O2, CO2 - They are moving through the lipid bi-layer - the particles are diffusing through the membrane until the concentration in/out of the cell are balanced
38
Osmosis
- passive transport - particles moved --->H2O - it is moving through the lipid bi-layer - water is moving through the membrane until concentration in/out of the cell are equilibrium
39
Facilitated Diffusion
- passive transport - particles moved are glucose, sodium, potassium, calcium - it is moving through the protein channel - particle move from high to low concentration through the protein channel
40
Molecular Transport
- active transport - particles moved are calcium, sodium, and potassium - it is moving through the protein pump - the cell uses energy to pump the particles against the concentration
41
Endocytosis
- active transport - large molecules or clumps of material such as glucose - it is moving through the whole membrane - the particles are too big to fit through the proteins or lipids so the cell membrane folds over the particles
42
Excocytosis
- active transport - large molecules or clumps of material such as glucose - it is moving through the whole membrane - the membrane fold and punches together to allow the particles to escape
43
protein function
Antibodies – identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Enzymes – carry out almost all chemical reactions that take place in cells. They also help make new molecules by reading the genetic information stored in DNA. Messenger – transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs. Structural – provide support for cells and help the body to move Transport/storage – attach and carry around atoms and small molecules throughout the body
44
Hydrophilic? Hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic: Having an affinity for water; able to absorb, or be wetted by water, “water-loving.” Hydrophobic: Lacking an affinity for water; unable to absorb, or be wetted by water, “water-fearing.”
45
Cell membrane
Its main function is | to protect the cell from its environment.
46
ribosomes
this is where proteins are created
47
cytoplasm
a gel-like substance that contains | the cell’s components
48
chloroplast
are the food producers of the cell. Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells.
49
nucleus
controls the cell activity
50
nucleolus
made of RNA and protein, where the ribosomes are created
51
mitochondria
Mitochondria make energy for cells from the chemical energy stored in the food we eat.
52
golgi
is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging of lipids & protein

Biology (7 decks)

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