Cell Structure And Function Flashcards
What are molecules made up of?
Molecules are 2 or more atoms joined together
Protons? Neutrons? Electrons?
Protons= positively charged particles; tightly packed in nucleus Neutrons= neutral particles (no charge); tightly packed in nucleus Electrons= negatively charged particles; moves quickly around the nucleus
Atomic Number
number of protons and electrons in the nucleus of an atom
Mass number
total number of protons and nuetrons in an atom
Element
a pure substance composed of one single type of atom
Compound
a combination of two or more elements in the same ratio
Mixtures
2 or more substances are physically mixed but not chemically combined
Homogeneous Mixtures?
Heterogeneous Mixtures?
- has the same compounds and properties evenly throughout the sample
- does not have the same composition and properties throughout the sample
Valence Shell
the outermost shell of an atom that contain atoms
What does the Valence shell characterize for the element?
It shows us the personality of the element. It gives us the reactivity, and the tendency to form bonds with other elements.
Covalent bonds?
The covalent bond is the strongest type of bond, two atoms share valence electrons
non-polar covalent bonds?
polar covalent bonds?
- electrons are being shared equally among the atoms
2. the electrons are not shared equally among the atoms
Ionic bonds?
The ionic bond is the weak type of bond, two atoms fight for the electron and one steals the electron
ion
an atom in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons.
cation
if a neutral atom loses one or more electrons, it has a positive charge
anion
if a atom gains electrons, it has a negative charge
inorganic compounds
deprived from non-living things, does not contain carbon
organic compounds
contains carbon, and comes from living things
Carbon Facts!!
- forms large amount of compounds
- atomic number 6
- cannot gain or lose electrons
- known to form 10 millions compounds
- can form very large compounds
- 4th most common element in the universe
- 2nd most common in the human body
carbohydrates? lipids? proteins? nucleic acids? water?
- source of energy
- source and storage of energy
- required for the structure, functions and regulation of body tissue and organs
- genetic material
- involved in dissolving substances
high specific heat
it can take in heat or lose heat without changing temperature
Universal Solvent?
The universal solvent is water because it is capable at dissolving more substances than any other liquids
- does not dissolve non-polar molecules
Polarity?
The polarity of the water allows the water to be attracted to many other molecules.
Cohesion
water is attracted to water
Adhesion
water is attracted to other substances
Capillary Action
adhesion of water to the walls of a vessel will cause an upward force on the liquid at the edges.
Cell
basic structural and functional unit of all living things .
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic is unicellular and Eukaryotic is unicellular and multicellular and also complex
- Prokaryotic has a no nucleus and Eukaryotic has a nucleus
- prokaryotic multiply by binary fission
Bacteria
- fixate nitrogen into soil
- break down and digests food
Prokaryotic Shapes
cocci= spherical Bacll= rod shaped splrochaete= spiral shaped vibrio= comma shaped
Solute vs Solvent
The solute is the substance that is being dissolved and the solvent is the dissolving substance.
pH
measures the substance acidity
buffers
Buffers work by neutralizing any added acid (H+ ions) or base (OH- ions) to maintain the moderate pH, making them a weaker acid or base.
H+=OH
Nuetral
H+>OH
Acid
H+
Base
Diffusion
- Passive Transport = no energy needed
- particles moved —> O2, CO2
- They are moving through the lipid bi-layer
- the particles are diffusing through the membrane until the concentration in/out of the cell are balanced
Osmosis
- passive transport
- particles moved —>H2O
- it is moving through the lipid bi-layer
- water is moving through the membrane until concentration in/out of the cell are equilibrium
Facilitated Diffusion
- passive transport
- particles moved are glucose, sodium, potassium, calcium
- it is moving through the protein channel
- particle move from high to low concentration through the protein channel
Molecular Transport
- active transport
- particles moved are calcium, sodium, and potassium
- it is moving through the protein pump
- the cell uses energy to pump the particles against the concentration
Endocytosis
- active transport
- large molecules or clumps of material such as glucose
- it is moving through the whole membrane
- the particles are too big to fit through the proteins or lipids so the cell membrane folds over the particles
Excocytosis
- active transport
- large molecules or clumps of material such as glucose
- it is moving through the whole membrane
- the membrane fold and punches together to allow the particles to escape
protein function
Antibodies – identify and neutralize foreign objects like
bacteria and viruses.
Enzymes – carry out almost all chemical reactions that
take place in cells. They also help make new molecules
by reading the genetic information stored in DNA.
Messenger – transmit signals to coordinate biological
processes between different cells, tissues, and organs.
Structural – provide support for cells and help the body
to move
Transport/storage – attach and carry around atoms and
small molecules throughout the body
Hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic: Having an affinity for water; able to absorb, or be wetted by
water, “water-loving.”
Hydrophobic: Lacking an affinity for water; unable to absorb, or be wetted by
water, “water-fearing.”
Cell membrane
Its main function is
to protect the cell from its environment.
ribosomes
this is where proteins are created
cytoplasm
a gel-like substance that contains
the cell’s components
chloroplast
are the food producers of the cell. Chloroplasts work to
convert light energy of the Sun into
sugars that can be used by cells.
nucleus
controls the cell activity
nucleolus
made of RNA and protein, where the ribosomes are created
mitochondria
Mitochondria make energy for cells from the chemical energy stored in the food we eat.
golgi
is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging of lipids & protein
