Cell Structure and Cell Cycle Flashcards
Plasma Membrane
Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
Microvilli
Folds of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell to increase absorption or secretion
Nucleus
Contains DNA molecules and nucleolus
Nucleolus
Assembly site for ribosomes
Chromatin
Long thin strands within nucleus. Each strand composed of one DNA molecule and associated proteins.
Cytoplasm
Area of the cell between plasma membrane and nucleus. Includes cytosol and organelles.
Cytosol
Fluid portion of cytoplasm in which many of the cells’ chemical reactions occur.
Mitochondria
Makes ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
Ribosomes
Site of proteins synthesis in cytosol and RER
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Synthesize proteins and phospholipids used in the plasma membrane and organelles or secreted via exocytosis.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Fatty acid and steroid synthesis; detoxifies toxic substances; stores calcium
Golgi complex
Receives and modifies proteins from RER; sorts and modifies them for transport
Secretory vesicles
Secrete substances outside the cell by exoctyosis
Lysosomes
Enzymes digest and recycle worn-out organelles and substances entering the cell; can digest the cell.
Peroxisomes
Produce hydrogen peroxide; detoxify harmful substances
Cytoskeleton
Three kinds of protein filaments; maintain cell shape and involved in cell movement and movement of organelles.
Centrosomes (centrioles)
Form mitotic spindle; needed to form cilia and flagella
Cilia
Abundant, hair-like cell projections that move fluids and particles along the cell surface
Flagella
Long cell projection; whip-like motion moves sperm
Interphase
Period between cell divisions; cells are metabolically active and growing; DNA, organelles, and other cell components replicate; chromosomes cannot be seen with a light microscope.
Mitotic Phase
Somatic cell division
Mitosis
Nuclear division (PMAT)
Prophase
Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear; chromatin condenses into chromosomes; centrioles move to opposite poles; spindle fibers form
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at metaphasal plate; spindle fibers attach to centromeres of chromatids
Anaphase
Chromatids of chromosomes separate; move to opposite poles
Telophase
Cell reverses prophase activities
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasmic division into two genetically identical daughter cells; begins during anaphase, with formation of cleavage furrow; ends with completion of telophase
