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Biology Paper 1 > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is magnification?

A

The number of times bigger the image or drawing is compared to the real size

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2
Q

What is resolution?

A

The minimum distance needed to differentiate between 2 separate objects

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3
Q

Whats the equation for magnification?

A

Image/actual size

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4
Q

How many um in a mm?

A

1000

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5
Q

How many nm make up 3 um?

A

3000

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6
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

The separation of individual organelles

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7
Q

What is homogenisation?

A

The first stage of fractionation, where cells are broken open by a homogeniser

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8
Q

What is used to break up cells in fractionation?

A

Homogeniser

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9
Q

What is ultracentrifugation?

A

Where fragments of homogenate are separated into organelles

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10
Q

Why is a buffer solution used in cell fractionation?

A

To keep the pH from changing, so proteins aren’t denatured

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11
Q

Why is an isotonic solution used in cell fractionation?

A

To prevent osmosis, so organelles don’t burst or shrink

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12
Q

Why should an ice cold solution be used in cell fractionation?

A

To reduce enzyme activity so organelles aren’t destroyed

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13
Q

In cell fractionation, what order are organelles separated?

A

Nuclei
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Ribosomes

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14
Q

Why is the homogenate filtered in cell fractionation?

A

To remove any complete cells or large debris

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15
Q

What is a graticule?

A

A glass disc with a scale that is placed in the eyepiece of a microscope

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16
Q

What are the 2 steps in using a graticule?

A

1)measure length of object with graticule
2) calibrate against a stage micrometer

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17
Q

What is cell ultrastructure?

A

The submicroscopic structure of cells and organelles

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18
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

To strengthen plant cells

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19
Q

Whats a cell wall made out of?

A

Cellulose fibres

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20
Q

Whats the largest organelle?

A

Nuclei

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21
Q

What are the features of a nucleus membrane?

A

Double membrane, has pores to allow materials in and out of the

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22
Q

What organelle is attached to the nucleus?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

In plant tissue’s palisade mesophyll layer

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24
Q

What is stroma?

A

Fluid inside chloroplasts that contain enzymes for photosynthesis

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25
Q

Where are grana found?

A

Chloroplasts

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26
Q

In mitochondria, what are the folds called?

A

Cristae

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27
Q

What is made in cristae?

A

ATP

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28
Q

What is the inside of the mitochondria called?

A

The matrix

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29
Q

What does the mitochondria matrix contain?

A

Ribosomes, DNA loop

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30
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur in a cell?

A

Mitochondria

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31
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis, found in huge numbers

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32
Q

What is the RER?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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33
Q

Whats the function of RER?

A

To package and transport proteins

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34
Q

Whats the function of SER?

A

To produce lipids

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35
Q

What is pinched off of the Golgi body?

A

Vesicles - small pieces of RER

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36
Q

Whats the function of the golgibody?

A

To package lipids and proteins

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37
Q

What organelles do prokaryotic cells contain?

A

Flagellum, cytoplasm, membrane, cell wall, plamid, capsule, genetic material

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38
Q

What’s the function of a flagellum?

A

Allows bacteria to move, like a tail

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39
Q

What are bacterial cell walls made of?

A

Murein

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40
Q

What’s a plasmid?

A

A tiny circle of DNA carrying a few genes

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41
Q

What is a virus?

A

A type of pathogen that needs a host cell to survive

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42
Q

What organelles do viruses have?

A

Cytoplasm, capsid, nucleic acids

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43
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When cells become specialised for particular functions

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44
Q

What are cells that differentiate in the same way called?

A

Tissues

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45
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Tissue found in animals that line the surface of organs for protection

46
Q

What is xylem tissue?

A

Tissue found in plants, used to transport water and ions

47
Q

what’s the function of the vacuole

A

maintains pressure within the cell as it is filled with cell sap

48
Q

what’s the structure and function of chloroplasts?

A

made of stacks of grana, that contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs

49
Q

what’s the structure and function of the cell wall?

A

In plants, the cell wall is made of cellulose and provides strength to prevent the cell from bursting

50
Q

What’s the function and structure of the RER?

A

transports proteins, has sheets called cisternae and has ribosomes present on the surface

51
Q

What’s the function and structure of SER?

A

Similar to RER, but doesn’t have ribosomes on the surface. Stores and transports both lipids and carbohydrates

52
Q

What’s the structure and function of nucleus?

A

Has a double membrane (nuclear envelope), and pores to let molecules out of the nucleus. It holds genetic information and controls the actions of the cell

53
Q

What’s the structure and function of mitochondria?

A

Has an inner membrane folds called cristae, and then the matrix makes up the inside of mitochondria. It’s the site of aerobic respiration in cells.

54
Q

What’s the function of lysosomes?

A

Break down pathogens and waste material

55
Q

What’s the structure and function of ribosomes?

A

very small organelles found in the cytoplasm, the site of protein synthesis

56
Q

Order the units of measurement from largest to smallest

A

km, m,cm,mm,um,nm

57
Q

How do you convert nanometers to micrometers?

A

divide by 1000

58
Q

How do you convert micrometers to millimetres?

A

Divide by 1000

59
Q

How do you convert millimeters to micrometers?

A

times by 1000

60
Q

How do you convert micrometers to nanometers ?

A

times by 1000

61
Q

How would you express 0.03mm in standard form?

A

3x10 to the power of -2

62
Q

What are the structural differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, whereas eukaryotic cells do
Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles, but eukaryotic cells do

63
Q

What’s an example of eukaryotic cells?

A

Human and plant cells

64
Q

What type of cell is prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria cells

65
Q

Describe how living things are organised?

A

Organelles,cells,tissues,organs,organ systems, organisms

66
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

A

Biconcave shape increases surface area, contain haemoglobin, no nucleus so more room for oxygen, thin membrane

67
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to their function?

A

Have a tail which allows for movement, mitochondria to provide energy for tail, streamlined design

68
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to their function?

A

Large surface area to absorb more water, no chloroplasts as they are underground, thin walls so water intake is efficient

69
Q

How are neurons adapted to their function?

A

Mylen sheath insulates the impulses so they travel faster, branched connections to allow them to connect across the body

70
Q

How are epithelial cells adapted to their function?

A

they have cilia that help to move substances in one direction

71
Q

how are xylem cells adapted to their structure?

A

hollow and allowing water to travel through

72
Q

what’s an disadvantage of an electron microscope?

A

can’t see in colour, can’t see living specimens, very expensive

73
Q

what are the advantages of light microscopes?

A

cheaper, easy to use, can see in colour, can see living specimens

74
Q

What are disadvantages of light microscopes?

A

low resolution (0.2um) , max magnification of 1500x

75
Q

what’s the link between wavelength and resolution?

A

the longer the wavelength, the lower the resolution and the further away 2 objects have to be to distinguish

76
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

light passes through the specimen, through the lenses and into the eye of the observer

77
Q

Why are stains used in microscopy?

A

they help to see specimens better

78
Q

how does an tem electron microscope work?

A

-an electron beam is projected through a sample
-in dense parts, electrons are easily absorbed
-this makes them appear darker

79
Q

what are limitations of tems?

A

must be performed in a vacuum, only used for thin tissue

80
Q

how does a sem microscope work?

A

-electrons are projected across a specimen
-the beam is passed back and forth

81
Q

What’s the role of a capsid in a virus?

A

a layer of protein that protects the genetic material of the virus

82
Q

What’s the role of attachment proteins in viruses?

A

Attachment proteins (glycoproteins) help viruses bind to host cells

83
Q

What’s the structure of virus particles?

A

They have an envelope, genetic material, glycoproteins, capsid

84
Q

What’s the purpose of a plasmid?

A

carry genes for dna replication

85
Q

what’s the purpose of a capsule?

A

protects the bacterium, helps groups of bacteria stick together

86
Q

how is the structure of a virus related to replication within cells?

A

the attachment proteins help to attach to host cells, they also have nucleic acids that can multiply inside host cells

87
Q

What organelle can be found in the lowest spin during ultracentrifigulation?

A

nucleus

88
Q

What organelles can be found in the fastest spin speed?

A

ribosomes and lysosomes

89
Q

What is a microscope artefact?

A

a detail that is caused by the process of preparing a specimen, like air bubbles

90
Q

How are microscope artefacts formed?

A

incorrect sample preparation, or dust on the sample

91
Q

In mitosis, how many daughter cells are produced?

A

2

92
Q

In mitosis, is there any variation in the daughter cells?

A

no, they are genetically identical

93
Q

What’s the chromosome number of daughter cells?

A

46

94
Q

what’s the function of mitosis?

A

Growth, replacement of dead cells, asexual reproduction

95
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

96
Q

What occurs in prophase?

A

Chromosomes begin to become visible as they are thicker and shorter,centrioles move to the poles of the cells and produce spindle fibers, the nucleus disappears and the envelop breaks down

97
Q

What occurs in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, each chromosome attaches to the spindle fibers through the centromere

98
Q

What occurs in anaphase?

A

the centromere divides, separating the chromatids, chromatids are pulled by spindle fibers to the poles of the cell, chromatids are pulled by the centromere first

99
Q

What occurs in telophase?

A

chromatids reach the poles of the cell where they uncoil to become long and thin, a nuclear envelope begins to form around each group

100
Q

What occurs in cytokinesis?

A

The centre of the cell behind to pinch to divide into 2 cells, and the cytoplasm divides forming 2 genetically identical daughter cells

101
Q

What is binary fission?

A

The process of cell division in prokaryotic cells

102
Q

What organisms carry out binary fission?

A

prokaryotes like bacteria

103
Q

Describe the sequence of events by which viruses replicate?

A

-attach to the host cell
-inject nucleic acid into the host cell
-genetic info provides instructions for the host cell’s metabolic processes

104
Q

Why are viruses difficult to treat?

A

they are extremely small, and surrounded by a protective coating

105
Q

How do cancer treatments inhibit stages of the cell cycle?

A

Chemotherapy prevents DNA replication, and prevents metaphase as spindle fibers aren’t produced

106
Q

How is cancer formed?

A

through growth disorders in the cell, as a result of damage to genes that regulate mitosis

107
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, nuclear division and cytokinesis

108
Q

What are the stages of interphase?

A

M,G1,S, G2

109
Q

What occurs during the G1 phase of interphase?

A

rapid growth, cells synthesise new organelles

110
Q

what occurs in the G2 phase?

A

centrioles replicate and micro tubules construct spindle fibers

111
Q

What’s the cell cycle?

A

the sequence of events in which cells divide

112
Q

Why do some cells in multicellular organisms not follow the cell cycle?

A

some do not have the ability to divide

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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