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Biology Paper 1 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the prefix MONO mean?

A

One

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2
Q

What does the prefix DI mean?

A

Two

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3
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A small molecule that combine to make a larger one

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4
Q

Whats a polymer?

A

A large molecule made of small repeating units (monomers)

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5
Q

What is the monomer found in carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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6
Q

What is the monomer found in proteins?

A

Amino acids

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7
Q

Whats the formula for glucose?

A

C6 H12 O6

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8
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Double sugars

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9
Q

Whats an isomer?

A

Molecules with the same formula, but different structures like alpha and beta glucose

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10
Q

What is the test used for reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s reagent

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11
Q

If reducing sugars are present, what colour will the solution turn?

A

Brick red

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12
Q

What bonds link glucose to another glucose?

A

Glycosidic bond

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13
Q

What type of reaction forms glycosidic bonds?

A

Condensation reactions

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14
Q

How are glycosidic bonds broken?

A

Hydrolysis- adding a water molecule

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15
Q

What does glucose + glucose make?

A

Maltose

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16
Q

What does glucose + galactose make?

A

Lactose

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17
Q

What does glucose + fructose make?

A

Sucrose

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18
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

When the sugar can donate an electron to another molecule

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19
Q

What substance do you use to test for starch?

A

Iodine

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20
Q

Whats the colour change if starch is present?

A

From orange to blue black

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21
Q

Is starch found in animals or plants?

A

Plants

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22
Q

What is starch made of?

A

Alpha glucose chains

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23
Q

What structure does starch have?

A

Compact

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24
Q

Is glycogen found in animals or plants?

A

Animals

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25
Q

What is glycogen made of?

A

Alpha glucose chains

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26
Q

What is cellulose made of?

A

Beta glucose

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27
Q

What are the roles of lipids?

A

Energy, waterproofing, insulation, protection

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28
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

A type of lipid with 3 fatty acid tails

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29
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

A type of lipid with 2 fatty acid tails and 1 phosphate

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30
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

Fats with a single carbon bond

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31
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

Fats with at least one double carbon bond

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32
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of reactions

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33
Q

What effect do enzymes have on the activation energy of a reaction?

A

They lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur

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34
Q

What are the two models of enzyme action?

A

Lock and key, induced fit

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35
Q

Describe the induced fit model of enzymes

A

The substrate doesn’t perfectly fit the enzyme’s active site, but as the substrate approaches, the enzyme’s active site changes.

36
Q

Describe the lock and key model of enzymes.

A

The substrate fits perfectly into an enzyme’s active site, the same way a key fits in a lock.

37
Q

What shape are enzymes?

A

Globular

38
Q

Name some examples of monomers?

A

glucose, galactose,fructose, amino acid

39
Q

Name some examples of polymers?

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, proteins, DNA

40
Q

Describe a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A hydrolysis reaction is when water molecule is added to break a chemical bond

41
Q

Describe a condensation reaction?

A

A water molecule is removed, to form a chemical bond between 2 molecules

42
Q

What type of bond is formed between 2 monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bond

43
Q

What are the 3 most common types of monosaccharide?

A

glucose, fructose and galactose

44
Q

Describe the chemical test for reducing sugars?

A

-add 2cm of food sample and 2cm of benedict solution
-heat
-positive result will show colour change (brick red,green,yellow)
-negative result will show no colour change (blue)

45
Q

Describe the test for non reducing sugars?

A

-first carry out benedict’s test, if negative result is shown there may be reducing sugars
-add dilute hydrochloric acid and heat in water bath
-neutralise the solution with sodium hydrocarbonate
-repeat the benedict test
- if colour changes, a non reducing sugar is present

46
Q

What type of reaction is involved in forming a disaccharide from two monosaccharides?

A

A condensation reaction- water molecule is removed in order to form a bond between the monosaccharides

47
Q

What type of reaction is involved in breaking down a disaccharide to form 2 monosaccharides?

A

Hydrolysis reaction- adding a water molecule to break the bond between the 2 monosaccharides

48
Q

How is maltose formed from its monosaccharides?

A

Glucose + Glucose —> Maltose

49
Q

How is sucrose formed from its monosaccharides?

A

Glucose + Fructose —> Sucrose

50
Q

How is lactose formed from its monosaccharides?

A

Glucose + Galactose —> Lactose

51
Q

What disaccharides are reducing sugars?

A

maltose and lactose

52
Q

Describe the biochemical test for starch?

A

-add 2cm of food sample into a test tube
-add two drops of iodine to the solution
-shake or stir
-if colour changes to blue black, starch is present

53
Q

Explain why starch is suitable for storage in plants?

A

-it is compact so lots can be stored in a small space
-it’s insoluble and doesn’t diffuse out of cells

54
Q

Why is glycogen a useful energy store in animals?

A

It is branched out, so more ends can be acted on by enzymes as it can be broken down rapidly to form glucose monomers

55
Q

Why is cellulose suited to its structural function?

A

there are a high number of hydrogen bonds which make a considerable contribution to strengthening cellulose

56
Q

What carbohydrate stains deep blue with iodine solution?

A

Starch

57
Q

What carbohydrate is known as animal starch?

A

Glycogen

58
Q

What carbohydrates are found in plants?

A

starch, cellulose, glucose

59
Q

What monosaccharide is found in starch?

A

alpha glucose

60
Q

What are 5 roles of lipids?

A

-energy source
-waterproofing
-insulation
-protection
-cell membrane flexibility

61
Q

Describe the biochemical test for lipids?

A

-add food sample to tube and add ethanol
-shake the test tube
-add distilled water and shake
-milky white emulsion shows a positive test result for lipids

62
Q

What’s the difference between saturated , monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids have no double carbon bonds
Monounsaturated have one double bond between carbons
Polyunsaturated have more than one double carbon bond

63
Q

What bond is formed between each fatty acid and the glycerol ?

A

ester bond

64
Q

Describe the biochemical test for proteins?

A

carry out biuret test, colour change (lilac) shows positive result for proteins

65
Q

What’s the structure of an amino acid?

A

Amino group, carboxyl group,hydrogen atom, R group

66
Q

How are amino acids linked to form polypeptides?

A

Peptide bonds, form a sequence of amino acids called polypeptides through condensation reactions

67
Q

What’s the primary structure of protein?

A

Hundreds of amino acids join to form a polypeptide through peptide bonds

68
Q

What’s the secondary structure of proteins?

A

the hydrogen of the amino group and oxygen of carboxyl group form weak hydrogen bonds which cause the polypeptide chain to form an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

69
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

The helix bends and twists into a compact structure by ionic,hydrogen and disulfide bonds

70
Q

What’s the quaternary structure of protein?

A

Multiple different polypeptide chains form a complex protein molecule

71
Q

What’s the difference between fibrous and globular proteins?

A

Globular proteins are spherical and compact whereas fibrous proteins are long and narrow

72
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

2 fatty acid tails, a phosphate head and a glycerol

73
Q

what is the function of phosphates and how does this relate to their structure?

A

the main building block of cell membranes, so have a structural purpose
hydrophilic heads face the aqueous environment

74
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

a type of lipid made from 3 fatty acids and a glycerol unit

75
Q

How does the structure of triglycerides relate to the function?

A

they are insoluble, so a major store of energy that won’t dissolve

76
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

the area of an enzyme that the substrate binds to, and where the reaction is catalysed

77
Q

What is an enzyme substrate complex?

A

When the enzyme and substrate binds together and the active site fits around the substrate

78
Q

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

A

enzymes speed up reactions by reducing the activation energy needed, they bring the substrate closer to the enzymes active site

79
Q

Why can changing one amino acid in an enzyme prevent it from functioning?

A

changing one amino acid may change the shape of the active site, so that the substrate can no longer bind to it anymore. so the enzyme may not be able to break down the substrate

80
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme reactions?

A

At low temperatures, the kinetic energy of the enzyme is not sufficient so the rate of reaction is low. As the temperature increase up to the optimum, so does the rate of reaction

81
Q

How does pH affect the rate of reaction?

A

PH affects the enzymes shape as it can disrupt the bonds in the tertiary structure of an enzyme. Each enzyme has an optimum temperature they work best at.

82
Q

How does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction?

A

As enzyme concentration increases, there are more active sites for substrates to bind to, however after a point there will be more enzymes than substrates, so no effect on the rate of reaction.

83
Q

How does substrates concentration affect rate of reaction?

A

The more substrates there are, the more enzyme-substrate complexes will form so the rate of reaction is increased. However, after a point, there will be more substrates than enzymes, so the rate of reaction cannot increases any further.

84
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor of enzyme action?

A

Something that prevents enzyme action by binding to the active site

85
Q

Whats a non-competitive inhibitor of enzyme action ?

A

Something that binds away from the active site, but still prevents enzyme action by changing the tertiary structure.

86
Q

How would you calculate rate of reaction from a graph?

A

The gradient of the graph shows the rate of reaction - the steeper it is the faster the reaction is. To find the mean rate of reaction, do total products/time.

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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