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Biology Module 2 > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline a method a student could use to prepare a temporary mount of tissue for a light microscope.

A

. obtain a thin section of tissue

. place tissue in a drop of water

. stain tissue on a slide to make structures visible

. add coverslip using a mounted needle at 45
degrees to avoid trapping air bubbles.

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2
Q

describe how light microscopes work (6 marks)

A
  1. clip slide on stage
  2. use lowest powered objective lens
  3. use coarse adjustment knob to bring stage up
  4. look down eyepiece and continue using the coarse adj. knob until its focused
  5. use fine adjustment knob to focus till you get a clear image
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3
Q

what are the limitations of using a light microscope?

A

. low resolution: resolution of 200 nm

. low magnification: magnification of x1500

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4
Q

describe how a TEM works?

A
  1. pass a beam of electrons through a thin slice of specimen
  2. more dense structures appear darker since they absorb more electrons
  3. focus image onto photographic plate
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5
Q

describe how a SEM works?

A

1.focus on a beam of electrons onto a specimen’s surface using electromagnetic lenses

  1. reflected electrons hit a collecting device and are amplified to produce an image on a photographic memory
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6
Q

how does staining samples work for electron microscopes

A

objects are dipped in a solution of heavy metals like lead

metal ions scatter creating contrast so some parts appear darker than others

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7
Q

define magnification and resolution

A

magnification: ability to make the image of a specimen larger than the specimen actually is

resolution: a measure of how detailed and clear an image is.

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8
Q

why do samples need to stained for light microscopes?

A

.coloured dye binds to structures

. facilitates absorption and produces an image

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9
Q

state the magnification and resolution of an optical microscope

A

M: x2000

R: 200 nm

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10
Q

state the magnification and resolution of a TEM

A

M: x500 000

R: 0.5 nm

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11
Q

state the magnification and resolution of a SEM

A

M: x500 000

R: 3-10 nm

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12
Q

explain how to use an eyepiece graticule and stage micrometer

A
  1. place micrometer on stage to calibrate eyepiece graticule
  2. line up scales on graticule and micrometer.

3.Count how many graticule divisions are in 100 um on micrometer

  1. length of 1 eyepiece division = 100 um / number of divisions
  2. use calibrated values to calculate actual length of structures.
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13
Q

describe the structure of the nucleus

A

contains DNA coiled around chromatin into chromosomes

nuclear envelope

nuclear pores

nucleolus

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14
Q

describe the function of the nucleus

A

controls cells activities

pores allow substances to enter and exit the nucleus

nucleolus makes ribosomes

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15
Q

describe the structure and function of the ER

A

made of cisternae

  1. RER: covered with ribosomes, for protein synthesis and transport
  2. SER: lipid synthesis
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16
Q

describe the structure and function of the golgi apparatus

A

stack of membrane bound, flattened sacs and

makes vesicles, lysosomes and glycoproteins

processes and packages proteins and lipids

17
Q

describe the structure and function of ribosomes

A

formed of protein and rRNA and NOT membrane bound

18
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes

A

large subunit joins with AA

small subunit joins with mRNA binding site

protein synthesis

19
Q

describe the structure of the mitochondrion

A

double membrane

folded inner membrane forms cristae

fluid matrix

20
Q

describe the structure of the chloroplast

A

double membrane

thylakoids

lamellae

stroma

21
Q

state the function of mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

M: site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP

C: site of photosynthesis which can happen in grana or stroma

22
Q

describe the structure and function of lysosomes

A

single membrane

contains hydrolytic enzymes (lysozymes)

digests contents of phagosome

exocytosis of digestive enzymes

23
Q

describe the structure and function of a plant cell wall

A

made of cellulose

supports plant cells

24
Q

what are bacterial and fungal cell walls made of

A

peptidoglycan

chitin

25
Q

describe the structure and function of centrioles

A

hollow cylinders made of microtubules found in animal and SOME plant cells

seperates chromosomes

26
Q

describe the structure and function of the flagella

A

hollow helical tube made of flagellin

9+2 formation of microtubules

microtubules contract to make it move

27
Q

describe the structure and function of cilia

A

hair-like structures found on cell surface membrane of animal cells

9+2 formation of microtubules

microtubules contract to make it move

28
Q

which organelles are involved in the production and secretion of proteins?

A

nucleus - DNA
ribosomes
ER
GA

29
Q

why is the cytoskeleton important

A

mechanical strength
maintains shape - support and stability
movement of chromosomes
movement of cilia and flagella

30
Q

how are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar

A

both have:
cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes

31
Q

how are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different

A

P:
unicellular
no membrane bound organelles / nucleus
circular DNA
small ribosomes
binary fission
peptidoglycan

E:
multicellular
organelles and nucleus
linear chromosomes
larger ribosomes
sexual reproduction
cellulose cell wall

32
Q

what is cisternae

A

systems of membranes filled with fluid

33
Q

what is stroma

A

thick fluid found in chloroplasts

34
Q

what are lamellae

A

thin flat pieces of the thylakoid membrane and join grana

35
Q

what are grana

A

stacks of thylakoids (discs)

Biology Module 2 (6 decks)

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