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Biology Module 2 > Cell Organisation,Diversity,Specialisation > Flashcards

Cell Organisation,Diversity,Specialisation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the stages in the cell cycle?

A
  1. Interphase (G1, S, G2 phase)
  2. Mitosis
  3. Cytokinesis
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2
Q

What happens in the G1 phase?

A
  • cell growth
  • proteins and enzymes needed from DNA replication are made
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3
Q

What happens in the s-phase?

A
  • DNA replication
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4
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A
  • final checks for DNA errors
  • more growth
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5
Q

What is G0

A
  • rest phase where cells stop dividing but still function
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6
Q

why is mitosis significant in life cycles?

A
  1. growth
  2. repair tissue
  3. aesexual reproduction
  4. proliferation o WBC
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7
Q

why is meiosis significant?

A
  1. Production of 4 haploid cells/gametes that are genetically different
  2. Genetic variation by independent assortment and crossing over.
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8
Q

what is the structure + function of the xylem?

A

. transport water and minerals

. structural support.

. long cylinders made of dead tissue with open ends

. lignified

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9
Q

what is the structure + function of the phloem?

A

. tubes made of living cells which are involved in translocation

. sieve plates

. companion cells

. movement of assimilates upwards and downwards in the tubes.

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10
Q

what is the structure + function of the epithelial?

A

. cells that lines/cover a surface

. two types, squamous and ciliated epithelium

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11
Q

Give 3 other types of tissues other than xylem, phloem and epithelia

A
  1. Connective - providing support and hold structures together, example: cartilage and bone
  2. Muscle - movement through contraction
  3. Nervous - impulse conduction
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12
Q

What are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells that can divide and develop into different types of specialised cells

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13
Q

how are stem cells used in research and medicine?

A
  • repair damaged tissues
  • treatment of neurological disorders Alzheimer’s
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14
Q

explain stem cells in the plant

A
  • found in meristems
  • differentiation and elongation of xylem and phloem
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15
Q

give other specialised cells

A
  1. sperm cells - adapted to reach, penetrate and fertilise the ovum
  2. palisade cells - contain many chloroplasts and are specialised for photosynthesis
  3. root hair cells - increases surface area and maximising the contact with water which contains essential mineral ions which are absorbed through the roots.
  4. guard cells - controlling the opening and closing of stomata
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16
Q

what are homologus chromosomes and when do they happen?

A
  • 2 pairs made from different ver. of same gene
  • one from dad one from mum
  • diploid cells
  • separate in anaphase I of meiosis
17
Q

what are sister chromatids and where do they happen?

A
  • identical copies of a chromosome
  • made during interphase
  • separate in anaphase II or anaphase of mitosis
18
Q

where does meiosis occur in?

A

sex organs (testes and ovaries)

19
Q

interphase of meiosis

A
  • DNA replication
  • Each chromosome duplicates to form sister chromatids
  • diploid cell
20
Q

prophase I?

A
  • Chromosomes condense & become visible.
  • Homologous chromosomes pair up
  • Crossing over
  • Spindle fibers forming.
21
Q

metaphase I?

A
  • Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (equator).
  • Independent assortment occurs
22
Q

anaphase I?

A
  • Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles.
  • Sister chromatids stay together
23
Q

telophase I and cytokinesis?

A
  • Two haploid (n) cells are formed, but chromosomes are still in sister chromatid form.
24
Q

what happens during meiosis II?

A
  • sister chromatids are seperated into 4 genetically different haploid cells
  • no crossing over or independent assortment
  • same stages just different cells produced
25
Q

where does mitosis occur ?

A

in somatic cells (body cells)

26
Q

purpose of mitosis?

A

each daughter cell is identical to the original cell

27
Q

what does mitosis produce?

A

2 identical diploid daughter cells

28
Q

difference in the process of meiosis and mitosis?

A
  • sister chromatids are pulled apart in anaphase of mitosis
  • sister chromatids are pulled apart in anaphase II of meiosis
29
Q

what is cytokinesis ?

A

when the cytoplasm divides to form separate cells

30
Q

totipotent? e.g?

A
  • can become any cell in body + placenta
  • zygote
31
Q

puripotent? e.g

A
  • any cell in the body but not the placenta
  • embryonic stem cells
32
Q

multipotent? e.g

A
  • can become cells within an organ or tissue but not whole body cells
  • adult stem cells (bone marrow and WBC +RBC)
33
Q

unipotent? e.g

A
  • can make only one type of cell
  • skin stem cells - make skin cells only

Biology Module 2 (6 decks)

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