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Biology old > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

outline how to prepare a temporary mount for a light microscope

A

obtain thin section of tissue
place drop of water on tissue
stain tissue to make structures visible
add coverslip with mounted needle at 45 degrees

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2
Q

describe how light microscopes work

A

lens focus rays of light and magnify specimen
different structures absorb different wavelengths
reflected light transmitted to observer via objective lens and eyepiece

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3
Q

describe how a transmission electron microscope works

A

pass high energy beams of electrons through thin specimen
more dense structures appear darker as absorbed more electrons

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4
Q

describe how a scanning electron microscope works

A

focus beam of electrons onto surface using electromagnetic lens
reflected electrons hit collecting device and amplified to produce image

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5
Q

describe how a laser scanning confocal microscope works

A

focus laser beam using objective lens
fluorophores in the sample emit photons
light focused through a pinhole onto a detector

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6
Q

define magnification

A

how much bigger image is than specimen

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7
Q

define resolution

A

how detailed the image is-how well each point is distinguished

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8
Q

why do samples need to be stained

A

coloured dyes bind to the structures
facilitates absorption of wavelengths of light

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9
Q

describe structure of nucleus

A

surrounded by nuclear envelope-semi permeable double membrane
nuclear pores allow substances to leave/enter
dense nucleolus made of RNA and proteins

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10
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

contains DNA coiled around chromatin into chromosomes
controls cellular processes

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11
Q

describe structure and function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of membranes enclosing fluid filled space
surface covered with ribosomes
folds and processes proteins

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12
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesises and processes lipids

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13
Q

describe structure and function of the golgi apparatus

A

stack of membrane bound flattened sacs
cis face aligns with rough endoplasmic reticulum
modifies and packages proteins
synthesis of glycoproteins

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14
Q

describe structure of ribosomes

A

large subunit joins amino acids
small subunit with mRNA binding site

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15
Q

describe the relationship between the organelles involved in production and secretion of proteins

A

ribosomes that synthesis proteins are attached to the RER
golgi apparatus which modifies proteins for secretion aligns with the RER

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16
Q

describe the structure of a mitochondrion

A

surrounded by a double membrane
folded inner membrane form cristae
fluid matrix contains respiratory enzymes

17
Q

describe structure of a chloroplast

A

double membrane
thylakoids (flattened discs) stack to form grana-contain photosystems
intergranal lamellae-tubes attaching thylakoids
stroma-fluid filled matrix

18
Q

what is the function of mitochondria

A

aerobic respiration to produce ATP

19
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy

20
Q

describe the structure and function of lysosomes

A

sac surrounded by single membrane
embedded H+ pump maintains acidic conditions
contains digestive enzymes
invades cells or breaks down components

21
Q

describe structure and function of plant cell wall

A

made of cellulose microfibrils for mechanical support
plasmodesmata form apoplast pathway to allow molecules to pass between cells

22
Q

what are bacterial and fungal cells made of

A

bacteria=peptidoglycan
fungi=chitin

23
Q

Describe the structure and function of centrioles

A

Spherical group of nine microtubules arranged in triplets
Migrate to opposite poles of cell during prophase

24
Q

Describe structure and function of plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer with intrinsic and extrinsic proteins embedded
Isolates cytoplasm from environment
Selectively permeable to regulate transport of substances

25
Q

Explain role of cholesterol in cell surface membrane

A

Connects phospholipids and reduces fluidity

26
Q

Explain role of glycoproteins in cell surface membrane

A

Cell signalling, recognition and binding cells together

27
Q

describe the structure and function of flagella

A

hollow tube made of protein flagellin
rotates to propel organism

28
Q

describe the structure and function of cilia

A

hairlike protrusions
move back and forth to waft foreign substances away

29
Q

what is the importance of the cytoskeleton

A

provides mechanical strength
aids transport
enables cell movement

30
Q

what are the similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes

31
Q

what are the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

prokaryotes smaller
prokaryotes have smaller ribosomes (70s) and eukaryotes have larger (80s)
prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles

Biology old (25 decks)

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