Cell Structure Flashcards by Holly Larkin

Is a prokaryotic cell bigger or smaller than an eukaryotic cell

Smaller

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What doesn’t a prokaryotic cell have

Nucleus, nuclear envelope, no membrane bound organelles

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What are the membrane bound organelles

Nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts

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How are prokaryotic cells adapted to survive in every habitat

They’re adaptable and versatile

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What do prokaryotic cells store food reserves as

Glycogen and oil droplets

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What size ribosomes do prokaryotic cells have

70s

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What are in prokaryotic cells

All: 70s ribosomes, cytoplasm, circular dna, cell membrane, cell wall
Some: slime capsule, flagella, plasmids

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What’s the difference between circular dna and plasmids

Circular dna is free in cytoplasm and possesses the generic info for replication of bacterial cells. Plasmids are separate from circular dna and are smaller pieces of dna that reproduce independently, they possess genes that may aid in survival of bacteria in adverse conditions and can be used as vectors between bacteria.

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What is the function of a cell membrane in a prokaryotic cell

Controls entry and exit of cell, permeable layer

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What is a cell wall ( prokaryotic cell)

Made up of murein (glycoprotein). For strength and structure, protect against damage, physical barrier

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What is a slime capsule

Layer of slime around the cell, protects bacterium from other cells helps groups of bacteria stuck together for more protection

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What organelles are is an animal eukaryote

Nucleolus, nucleus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, mitochondrion, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 80s ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes

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What is the ultra structure

The internal structure of cells

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What does the nucleus do

Control centre of cell through nRNA and tRNA ( protein synthesis), manufacture rna

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What is the nuclear envelope

Double membrane surrounding nucleus, controls entry and exit of materials

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What are nuclear pores

The gaps that allow passage of large molecules E.g messenger RNA out of nucleus

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What is the nucleoplasm

Granular, jelly like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus

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What is the nucleolus

Small spherical region within nucleoplasm, may be more than one in nucleus, manufacture ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosmones

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What is chromotin

The material that makes up the chromosomes

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What is function of mitochondrion

Aerobic respiration, produce energy carrier molecule ATP

What is the function of the double membrane in a mitochondria

Control entry and exit of material, inner membrane is folded to form extensions called cristae

What is the function of cristae

Provide large surface area for attachment of enzymes/ other proteins required in respiration.

What is the matrix in a mitrochondrion

Constrains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and dna. Controls production of some mitochondria proteins

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Provide large synthesis of glycoproteins, provide pathway for their transport through cell

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesis, store and transport lipids and carbs, lacks ribosomes, has more tubular shape

What is the Golgi apparatus

Stacks of membranes that make up flattened sacs ( cisternae) with small round hollow structures called vesicles

What is the Purpose of Golgi apparatus

Proteins and lipids produced in ER are passed through and get modified by adding non protein components to proteins which are carbohydrates and labels them so that they can be correctly sorted. Modified proteins to to the vesicles which move to cell surface, fuse with membrane and release content outside cell.

Function of Golgi apparatus

Add carbs to proteins, produce secretory enzymes, secrete carbs, transport modify and store lipids, form lysosomes

What are lysosomes

Formed when vesicles from GA contain enzymes, contain lysosome hydrolyse bacteria

Function of lysosomes

Hydrolyse material ingested phagocytic cell, release enzymes outside, digest worn out organelles to reuse their chemicals, complete break down cells after they die ( autolysis)

Function of chloroplast

Photosynthesis

Function of chloroplast envelop

Double plasma membrane, highly selective in what enters and leaves

What is the grana

Stacks of about 100 disc like structures called thylakoids

What is the function of grana

Absorbs light. In first stage of photosynthesis

What are thylakoids

Contain chlorophyll pigment, some have tubular extensions ( lamella) which join grana

What is the stroma

Basically the cytoplasm of a chloroplast. For synthesis of sugars

Structure of a cell wall in a plant cell

Consists of microfibrils of cellulose embedded in a matrix Algal cell walls: cellulose or glycoproteins Fungi cell wall: chitin( nitrogen containing the polysaccharide)

What is the first stage of mitosis

Interphase

What happens in interphase

Dna replication, cells not dividing, chromosomes not visible

What is the second stage of mitosis

Prophase

What happens during prophase

Chromosomes become visible and breakdown, nucleolus disappears, centrioles move to poles, spindle fibres develop

What is the third phase of mitosis

Metaphase

What happens during metaphase

Spindle fibres form, spindle attach to centromeres of chromosomes, chromosomes line up by being pulled by spindle fibres

What is the fourth phase of mitosis

Anaphase

What happens during anaphase

Centromeres split, chromotids pulled by spindle fibres tk opposite sides, energy for this process given by mitochondria from spindle fibres

What is the fifth phase of mitosis

Telophase

What happens during telophase

Chromosomes fully split, nuclear envelopes reforms and so does nucleolus, spindle fibres disintegrate, chromosomes no longer visible

What is cytokinesis

When the cytoplasm divided to form two cells with genetically identical nuclei

What is binary fission

Happens in prokaryotes eg bacteria. Circular dna replicates, plasmids replicate, cell membrane grows and pinches inwards starting to divide cytoplasm to form two daughter cells, new cell wall forms dividing the original cell and two identical daughter cells form