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biology > cell structure > Flashcards

cell structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

DNA contained in the nucleus
contains membrane-bound specialised organelles
e.g. animalia, plantae, fungi, protista

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2
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

DNA is ‘free’ in cytoplasm, no organelles
e.g bacteria + archea

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3
Q

relationship between a system and specialised cells

A

specialised cells- tissues that perform specific function- organs made of several tissue types- organ systems

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4
Q

structure of cell surface membrane

A

‘fluid mosaic’ phospholipid bilayer with extrinsic and intrinsic proteins embedded

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5
Q

function of cell surface membrane

A

isolates cytoplasm from extracellular environment

partially permeable to regulate transport of substances

involved in cell signalling/ recognition

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6
Q

role of cholesterol in the cell surface membrane

A

steroid molecules connects phospholipids and reduces fluididty

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6
Q

role of glycoproteins in the cell surface membrane

A

cell signalling/ recognition (antigens) and binding cells together

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7
Q

role of glycolipids in the cell surface membrane

A

cell signalling/recognition

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8
Q

structure of the nucleus

A

surrounded by nuclear envelope (semi-permeable double membrane)

nuclear pores allow substances in/out

dense nucleolus made of RNA and proteins assembles ribosmes

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9
Q

functions of the nucleus

A

contains DNA coiled around chromatin into chromosomes

controls cellular processes (mRNA transcription, mitosis)

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10
Q

structure of a mitochondrion

A

surrounded by a double membrane ; folded inner membrane forms cristae- site of electron transport chain

fluid matrix : contains mitochondrial DNA, respiratory enzymes, lipids, proteins

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11
Q

structure of chloroplast

A

vesicular plastid with double membrane

thylakoids: flattened discs stack to form grana: contain photosystems with chlorophyll

intergranal lamellae: tubes attach thylakoids in adjacent grana

stroma: fluid filled matrix

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12
Q

function of mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP

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13
Q

function of chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis to convert solar energy (sunlight )to chemical energy

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14
Q

structure of golgi apparatus

A

planar stack of membrane- bound flattened sacs cis face aligns with rER

molecules are proccessed in cisternae vesicles bud off trans face via exocytosis

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15
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

modifies and packages proteins for export

synthesises glycoproteins

16
Q

structure of a lysosome

A

sac surrounded by single membrane embedded H+ pump maintains acidic conditions contain digestive hyrolase enzymes glycoprotein coat protects cell interior

17
Q

function of a lysosome

A

digests contents of phagosome

exocytosis of digestive enzymes

18
Q

structure of a ribosome

A

formed of protein and rRNA free in cytoplasm or attatched to ER

19
Q

function of ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis via translation:
large subunit: joins amino acids
small subunit: contains mRNA binding site

20
Q

structure of ER

A

cisternae: network of tubules and flattened sacs extends from cell membrane through cytoplasm and connects to nuclear envelope

21
Q

function of RER

A

many ribosomes attatched for protein synthesis and transport

22
Q

function of SER

A

lipid synthesis

23
Q

structure of cell wall

A

bacteria: made of the polysaccharide murein
plants: made of cellulose microfibrils
-plasmodesmata allows molecules to pass between cells
-middle lamella acts as boundary between adjacent cell walls

24
Q

functions of cell wall

A

mechanical strength and support

physical barrier against pathogens

part of apoplast pathway (plants) to enable easy diffusion of water

25
Q

structure of vacuole

A

surrounded by single membrane: tonoplast contains cell sap; mineral ions, water, enzymes, soluble pigments

26
Q

function of vacuole

A

controls turgor pressure

absorbs and hydrolyses potentially harmful substances to detoxify cytoplasm

27
Q

common cell adaptations

A

folded membrane or mirovilli increases SA e.g. for diffusion

many mitochondria= large amounts of ATP for active transport

walls one cell thick to decrese diffusion pathway

28
Q

role of plasmids in prokaryotes

A

small ring of DNA that carries non-essential genes

can be exchanged between bacterial cells via conjugation

29
Q

role of capsule in prokaryotes

A

polysaccharide layer
-prevents dessication
-acts as food reserve
-sticks cells together
-provides mechanical protection agianst phagocytosis and external chemicals

30
Q

similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosmes (don’t count as organelle as not membrane bound)

biology (12 decks)

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