Cell Structure Flashcards
What mades plant cells different from animal cells
cell wall
chloroplasts
vacuoles
Are cell walls rectangular
some
DOes soil fertility affect cell structure and funciton
yes
Environmental stress impacts cell structure and function how?
○ Drought- less turgot pressure = less SA = less transporation = plant survives = less yield
Function of cell membrane
Regulate passage of molecules in and out of cell and organelles
2 layers of membrane
Hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tails
Wether something is hydrophilic has to do with polarity
true
Protiens
molecules that form structures and execute cell work
Facilitated diffusion
protiens create channels for molecules like ions
Active transport
molecular pumps- binds to molecules and lets out the other side
CELL WALL PIC MEMORIZE
-NO WORDBANK
TF the plasma membrane is included in the cell wall
f
What is the cell wall amde out of
sugar and protiens
Cell wall functions
structure
defense and immunology
stress response
gene expression
cell to cell communication
TF cell wall controlls plant growth
T- how fast which direction resisting turgor pressure in cell
What is middle lamella made up of
pectin
what is secondary cell wall made up of
lignin
dO ALL cells have seconday cell wall
no- only older plant produce this
Do cell walls change over time
yes
Protoplast
cell that has its cell wall removed
Protoplasm
stuff inside cell
Protoplasm + vacuole =
protoplast
Plasmodesmata
small holes in the cell wall that allow for cell to cell communication
Vacuole
Stores extra nutrients- plants cant poop
Apoptosis
Stores pigments
Turgor pressure
Filled w protien for germinating seeds
Turgor pressure
Fills up vacuole
creates cell growth
Biotroph
pathogen that cell gets rid of by cell death
Nectotroph
cell death bc this pathogen tells cell to commit cell death and then pathogen eats cell contents
Do organelles age
yes they get replaced
Nucleus
permanent storeage palce for genetic info
Does the nucleus lend out its first set of dna
no
Histones
what DNA wraps around
keeps DNA organized
Nucleosome
DNA + Histone
Chromatin
tightly bound nucleosomes
Chromosomes
made of chromatin
Nuclear envelope
surrounds nucleus
How many layers does a nuclear envelope have
2
Nucleoplasm
everything inside of the nucleus
nuclear pores
allows material to pass between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm such as RNA that was made in the nucleus
nucleolus
center of nucleus
Rough ER
had ribosomes makes protiens
Smooth ER
makes lipids
Mitochondira
where cell respiration happens- makes ATP by breaking down sugars and starches
plastids
Synthesizes and stores lipids, forms color pigments
are plastids in animal cells
no
chromoplasts
What produce pigments
Chloroplast
contains chlorophyl, site of photosynthesis
thylakoid membrane
where chlorophyll is
stroma
internal matrix of chloroplast
dictyosome
Where cell products are modified prepped and exported
Microtubules
Skeletal elements
MEMORIZE CELL STRUCTURE
-
mitosis
cell division
Stages of mitosis
interpahse
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
tetephase
cytokinesis
Interphase stages
G1
S
G2
G1 Phase
recover from cell division
make new organelles
S Phase
DNA replicated
what do 2 identical chromatids make
chromosome
how are 2 chromatids held together
centromere
G2
Makes extra organelles and microtubules for cell division
Does mother cell exist after it divides
no just two daugher cells
Prophase
nucleus dissolves
Metaphase
CHromosomes line up in middle
Mitotic spindle fibers come out and attach to kineticore protiens
Kinetichore protiens
In centromere of chromosome
where mitotic spindle fibers attach to
Anaphase
Chromatids pulled apart
Telophase
Nucleus forms
spindle fib break down
Cytokinesis
Cell divides and cell plate forms
