Cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

what are the seven pillars of life

A

a programme
improvisation
compartmentation
energy
regeneration
adaptability
seclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

a programme

A

organised plan for constitution and regeneration; DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

improvisation

A

changing the program as surroundings change; evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

compartmentation

A

ability to be separate from environment; membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

energy

A

ability to maintain order despite overall positive entropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

regeneration

A

compensation for environmental wear and tear; repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

adaptability

A

ability to respond to environmental changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

seclusion

A

operation of processes and pathways in isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ribosome function

A

protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

peroxisome function

A

oxides fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cytoskeleton function

A

supports cell, aids in movement of organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lysosome function

A

degrees intracellular debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

transport vesicle function

A

shuttles lipids and proteins between the ER, Golgi and plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Golgi function

A

processes, packages and targets proteins to other organelles or for export

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

A

site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

nucleus function

A

contains the genes (chromatin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nucleolus function

A

site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mitochondria function

A

oxidation of fuels to produce ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

nuclear envelope function

A

segregates chromatin (DNA + protein) from the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

plasma membrane function

A

separates cell from environment, regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

examples of supramolecular complexes

A

chromatin
plasma membrane
cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

examples of macromolecules

A

DNA
protein
cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

examples of monomeric units

A

nucleotides
amino acids
sugars

25
which elements do 99% of biological compounds contain
C,H,O,N,P,Ca,S
26
what are the four major classes of biomolecules
carbohydrates amino acids nucleotides lipids
27
carbohydrates
glucose, fructose, sucrose mainly used as sources of cellular energy
28
amino acids
20 natural amino acids in total used as protein monomers
29
nucleotides
5 different types in total used as parts of DNA and RNA precursors
30
lipids
known as fats not very water soluble used as sources of cellular energy components of cell membranes
31
vitamins
organic compounds necessary for proper growth and development
32
heme
organometallic compound containing iron important for transporting oxygen in your blood stream
33
how do enzymes accelerate and control the rates of reaction
greater reaction specificity milder reaction conditions capacity for regulation
34
how are enzymes the agents of metabolic function
metabolites have many potential pathways enzymes make the desired one the most favourable
35
cytoplasm
highly viscous solution many reactions occur
36
cytoskeleton
contains microtubules actin filament and intermediate filaments - cellular shape and division - intracellular organisation -intracellular transport paths -cellular mobility
37
actin filaments
involved in generating contractile forces found beneath the plasma membrane actin rearrangement (polymerisation and depolymerisation) allows the cells to move forwards
38
microtubules
form the mitotic spindle for the separation of the duplicated chromosomes during mitosis
39
rapid changes in the actin cytoskeleton allows what
cells to change orientation and direction
40
phospholipid bilayer
bilayer allows semi-permeability contains membrane proteins with various functions
41
name some things located on the plasma membrane
globular proteins glycoproteins carbohydrate sugar chain cholesterol hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids peripheral membrane proteins integral membrane proteins cell membrane receptor proteins
42
the 6 cell membrane roles
transport enzymatic activity signal transduction cell-cell recognition intercellular joining attachment
43
transport
controls entry and exit of materials through carrier and channel proteins
44
enzymatic activity
enzymes break down macromolecules
45
signal transduction
send and receive information through ligands and receptors
46
cell-cell recognition
recognise other cells and pathogens through recognition receptors
47
intracellular joining
cells are joined to one another through adhesion proteins
48
attachment
cells are bound to the extracellular matrix by integrin proteins
49
protein synthesis and sorting
ribosomes are the cells protein making machines in order for proteins to be functional they need to be transported to their site this is protein sorting the localisation of a synthesised protein depends on whether it has a sorting signal proteins without a sorting signal remain in the cytosol proteins destined for other organelles including the plasma membrane enter the ER as they're being synthesised from the ER proteins are then transported to the Golgi proteins are then enclosed in transport vesicles to be delivered to their final destination
50
quality control of proteins and diseases
proteins are synthesised as chains of amino acids by coiling and folding into a specific three dimensional shape they can perform their biological function this involves the formation of disulphide bonds catalysed by enzymes residing in the ER improper folding can have severe consequences for the cell incorrectly folded proteins exit the ER and are exported to the proteasome for degradation
51
quality control of low density lipoprotein
their receptors are required for the uptake of cholesterol mutations of the LDLR cause it to be misfolded and degraded cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CFTR moves acts as a channel for chloride ions mutant protein retains functionality but it is still recognises as misfolded and is degraded
52
degradation
cells not only have to synthesise macromolecules but they need to eliminate cellular waste cellular waste can be in the form of membrane bound signalling proteins which if not removed can signal the cell to divide continually cells also take up macromolecules such as cholesterol to avoid its excessive build up cells also degrade unwanted or worn out organelles and macromolecules specialised immune cells engulf microorganisms and eliminate dying cells they're handled by lysosomes through the process of endocytosis
53
cell endocytose material from the plasma membrane
part of the plasma membrane invaginate enclosing the material then pinches off to form endocytic vesicles endocytic vesicles fuse with early endoscopes, cargo destined for degradation is retained and incorporated into late endosomes late endosomes fuse with the lysosomes to deliver cargo for degradation
54
receptor mediated endocytosis
macromolecules such as glucose, LDL, transferrin (collectively known as ligands) bind to their corresponding plasma membrane receptors ligand bound receptors clusters on the membrane which invaginate and forms the endocytic vesicles because the ligand-receptor interaction is very selective it allows the cells to be selective in the materials to internalises
55
mitochondria supplies energy for cell survival
most of cellular functions that require energy occur in the cytoplasm however the process of harnessing energy takes place in the mitochondria energy needs to be transferable and as such cells store energy in the bonds of ATP mitochondria absorb short carbon chains and oxygen to generate carbon dioxide and ATP ATP is used to power protein synthesis, transport of molecules against their concentration gradient, muscle contraction, cellular movements
56
mitochondria can also drive cell death
apoptosis mitochondria contain cytochrome c when cells sense damage or any abnormality they activate proteins which form channels in the mitochondrial membrane through these channels cytochrome c is released which then cause the activation of caspases and subsequently induce apoptosis
57
nucleus serves as the control centre for cellular functions
houses DNA to code for amino acids to make proteins DNA controls protein synthesis in essence so therefore cell structure and cell function fundamental function of the cell is to replicate itself in order to maintain cell populations and ensure tissue homeostasis requires it to copy its DNA and other cellular components and equally divide into two daughter cells through the cell cycle
58
cell cycle and mitosis
interphase: - cellular components are replicated - G1 and G2 cell duplicates specific molecules and structures - S cell replicates DNA mitosis: -interphase: chromosomes are uncondensed -prophase: spindle condenses, centrioles appear and the nuclear envelope breaks down -metaphase: chromosomes align -anaphase: centromeres and chromatids part -telophase: spindle disassembles and nuclear envelope reforms forms two identical diploid daughter cells