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Biology AS Level > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Chloroplasts + Mitochondria similarities

A
  • both have double membrane
  • large internal SA
  • contains circular DNA
  • contains 70s ribosomes
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2
Q

Features present in animal cells but not plant cells

A

1) microvilli
2) centrioles
3) cilia

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3
Q

resolution of light microscope and resolution of electron microscope

A

200 nm
0.5nm

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4
Q

advantages of using a light microscope over electron microscope

A

1) portable
2) easier to use;
3) able to see natural colours
4) able to see living tissue
5) particular tissues/organelles can be stained for better visibility
6) no heavy metal staining

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5
Q

State the piece of equipment that can be used in the light microscope to work out the correct proportions of tissues

A

eyepiece graticule

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6
Q

outline the function and structure of plasmodesmata

A

1) allows transport of water, sucrose, amino acids, ions, etc between cells
2) without crossing membranes
3) this is movement through symplastic pathway
4) allows communication/cell signalling

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7
Q

outline the function and structure of cell wall

A

1) rigid = made of cellulose
2) freely permeable
- protects + encloses cell
3) prevents cells from bursting/maintains turgidity
- contains plasmodesmata connecting cytoplasm a+ adjacent cells

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8
Q

outline the function and structure of chloroplasts

A

1) 5 to 10 μm
2) carries out photosynthesis
3) contains starch grains = temp store of carb produced during photosythensis

4) double-membrane
- inner folded –> lamella = control entry + exit of subst
- stroma = circular loop of DNA + 70s ribosomes//LIR
- grana= flattend sacs of thlakoids memb + carry out LDR

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9
Q

outline the function and structure of microtubules + centrioles

A
  • 2 centrioles are present adjacent to centrosome/MTOC = 9 paired microtubules
  • 2 centrioles = centrosome
    TUBULIN –> DIMER–> 13 PROTOFILAMENTS rings–>MICROTUBULE
  • involved in nucleur division –> spindle fibres where they move chromosmes
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10
Q

outline the function and structure of mitochondria

A

1) aerobic respiration+ ATP synthesis
2) contain 70s ribosomes

3) double-membrane
- inner memb folded inwards = CRISTAE = LARGE SA for attachment of particles containing ATP synthase enzyme
- outer memb more permeable than inner due to transport protein porins = controls entry + exit of subst

7) Matrix contains have small circular DNA + NAKED

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11
Q

outline the function and structure of lysosomes

A

2) single membrane
3) contain conc hydrolytic enzymes e.g protease
- made by golgi body + RER
4) macrophage to kill bacteria - lysosome fuses w vacuole + released by Exo
- autolysis - cell dies + lysosomes release digestive enzymes for self-digestion

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12
Q

outline the function and structure of ribosomes

A

2) composed of 2 subunits ( S + L)
- made of protein + rRNA
3) Translation- protein synthesises = makes collagen etc

4) 80s - eukaryotes
5) 70s - smaller, present in prokaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplasts

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13
Q

outline the function and structure of the golgi body

A

1) stack of flattened sacs/cistanre formed from vesicles + bud off from the RER
2) SINGLE MEMBRANE
3) packaging proteins into vesicles for exocytosis
- production of secretory golgi vesicles
6) modifying proteins folding proteins into tertiary ss
- removal of 1st AA methionine activates proteins

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14
Q

outline the function and structure of the SER

A

synthesises lipids, steroids, hormones
- no ribosomes

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15
Q

outline the function and structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

1) flattend sacs of cisternae (large SA)
2) attached to nuclear envelope
3) ribosomes are attached to RER + synthesize proteins (translation) transported by exocytosis in vesicle to golgi body
- EXPLAIN EXOCYTOSIS

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16
Q

substances leaving the nucleolus

A

1) mRNA
2) ribosomes for protein synthesis

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17
Q

substances entering the nucleolus

A

1) protein to make ribosomes
2) ATP
3) nucleotides

18
Q

outline the function and structure of a nucleolus

A

2) contains DNA
3) synthesises ribosomes

19
Q

outline the function and structure of a nucleus

A
  • Contains chromatin (DNA + histone proteins)
  • transcription - makes mRNA
  • contains nucleolus - makes ribosomes
  • nuclear envelope continous w RER + nuclear pores = allows entry + exit of ribosomes and mRNA
  • allows compartmentalisation = activities in nucles seperated from surronding cytoplasm
20
Q

Structure of prokaryotic cells

A

-unicellular
No membrane around organelles = golgi, ER, nucleus, mitochondrion and chloroplast
- 70s (smaller) ribosomes
- 1-5um
- circular + naked DNA NO NUCLEUR MEMB
- no nucleulos
- saprotrophic nutrition OR photosynthesis
- carries out aerobic respiration
- murein cell wall- peptidoglycan
- slime capsule- protection
- piilli - adhesion
- plasmid-= produce enzymes to break down antibiotics

21
Q

Virus structure

A
  • non cellular/acellular
  • protein coat (CAPSID)
  • nucleic acid core; DNA or RNA strand
  • replicates in host cells
  • no characteristics of living organisms
  • virus DNA/RNA injectes cell + takes over protein synthesis of host cell = new virus particles (lytic + lysogenic cycle)
    -some have protective envelope - lipid envelope (soluable)
22
Q

What restricts the resolution of light microscope

A
  • wavelengths of visible light
23
Q

single membrane structures

A
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosome
  • vacuole
  • ER (only in eukarotic)
24
Q

explain how H+ bonds between water mol affect properties of water +help make water ideal enviornmet for organisms

A
  • Cohesion between water mol
  • mol held together/strong attraction
  • water mol are polar = high boiling point/100ºC
  • high latent heat of vaporisation so water is liquid over wide range of temps
  • liquid so provides support/buoyancy
  • high specific heat capacity
  • stable temp + high latent heat of fusion
25
Q

eyepiece graticule

A
  • measuring device placed in the eyepiece of a microscope
26
Q

The eyepiece lens of a microscope is fitted with an eyepiece graticule. Which statements about the graticule are correct?

A

It allows you to draw cells with correct proportions.

27
Q

Which organelle does not contain a partially permeable membrane?

A

ribosomes,

28
Q

At approximately which magnification is light microscopy not suitable because the resolution
becomes too low?

A

x1500

29
Q

Where would cisternae be found in a cell?

A

ER + Golgi apparatus

30
Q

Which statements about a stage micrometer are correct?

A
  1. allows you to calibrate the eyepiece graticule
  2. it changes in size as the objective lens changes from x10 to x40
31
Q

organelles in prokaryotes

A

There are no membrane bound organelles in prokaryotes, so even photosynthetic prokaryotes don’t have chloroplasts

32
Q

Golgi identification vs RER

A
  • flattend sacs w NO membrane connection
  • continous w nucleur evelope
  • vesciles at end of sacs
  • no ribsomes
33
Q

describe nucleosome +how regulates transcription

A
  • loosely coiled DNA/CHROMATIN supercoiled around 8 histone proteins
  • lots of nucleosomes = chromatid
  • formed in G2 of interphase (B4 mitosis) @ promotor region
  • PR NOT accessible to RNA polymerase = doesn’t bind w TF
  • DNA helicase cannot unzip DNA + RNA polymerase cannot unwind DNA = RNA nucleotides cannot CBP
  • Template strand not made + no PDB = no mRNA made
  • No transcription gene/switched off
34
Q

PLANT VS ANIMALS

A

PLANTS
- plasmodesmata
- tonoplast
- cellulose cell wall
- chloroplasts
- large central vacuole

ANIMALS:
- Microvilli
- Centriole
- Cillia
- Flagella

35
Q

EM BENEFITS

A
  • higher resolution
  • can see internal ss only visible in LM e.g cristae in mitochondria
  • can see ss not seen in LM e.g ribsomes
  • shorter wavelength
  • resolution is = 1/2 wavelength
  • 0.5nm in EM vs 200nm in LM
36
Q

can see in LM + RULES

A
  • Nucleus, nucelolus
  • Vacuole
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Chromosome

NO RIBOSOMES + TONOPLASTS
- ALWAYS eye piece lens = x5
- ALWAYS objective lens = x10
- 200nm

37
Q

ATP

A
  • universal energy currency
  • energy released when hydrolyzed
  • easily hydrolyzed
  • energy used in BAMTA/process
  • links catabolic + metabolic reactions
  • found in most cells
  • soluable so easily moved in cells
38
Q

state precsily 2 place ATP synthseised

A
  • mitochondrial matrix
    -cytoplasm
  • grana
  • crista
39
Q

cillia ss + function

A
  • 2 central microtubules
  • ring of 9 MTDS - 9+2 arrangements
  • wall of A microtubule complete ring of 13 protofilaments + B microtuble attached to INCOMPLETE ring of 10 protofilaments
  • A MICROTUULE = inner + outer arms made of protein DYNEIN –> connect w B microtubules of neignouting MTDS during beating
  • cylindrical ss inside CSM = axoneme
  • base of cillium = basal body identical to centriole (centrioles replicate = basal bodies)
  • beating motion of cillia + flagella = dyenin making contact w neighboring microtubues = force for cilli to beat
  • used for locomotion + maintains flow of mucus removal containing debris
40
Q

Cholera = ORT (TB, Cholera,Malaria, HIV)

A
  • contains glucose, salt
  • reduced water potential in blood
  • water from intestine enters blood
  • down water potential gradient by osmosis
  • reduced diharrea
41
Q

Malaria drugs

A

Chloroquine - inhbits protein synthesis, prevents mRNA binding to small subunit of ribosome, no translation

Proguanil - inhibits sexual reproduction by preventing gametes from fusing in gut of female anopheels mosquito

42
Q

HIV treatment

A

Zidovudine
- reassembles nucleotide thymine + similar ss in ss to thymine
- CI to reverse transcriptase + DNA polymerase
- so reduces repro of virus

Biology AS Level (12 decks)

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